活性焦脱硫脱硝的机理研究

采用质谱仪在线检测的方法,研究了不同组成的模拟烟气在活性焦上的吸附行为;并应用SEM、FT-IR、XPS、BET等手段表征了活性焦的结构性质。结果表明,活性焦脱硫脱硝性能与活性焦的孔隙结构和表面化学特性密切相关,孔容是决定污染物初期脱除率的主要因素;表面官能团则在污染物的化学吸附上发挥着重要作用,是吸附、催化的活化中心;二氧化硫较一氧化氮优先吸附在活性焦上;烟气中氧气或水蒸汽的单独存在对脱硫脱硝均不会有明显的影响,当烟气中同时存在氧气和水蒸汽时,活性焦的脱硫脱硝效果可明显改善;氨的存在既可将一氧化氮还原为氮气,又能增强活性焦脱除二氧化硫的效果。     

浅谈中国石化清洁生产的发展和清洁生产长效机制的建立

介绍了中国石化清洁生产发展的概况,分析了清洁生产理论内涵,并对清洁生产长效机制的建立方法进行了探讨。     

重庆境内07.7泥石流灾害形成机理及启示

2007年7月在暴雨激发下,重庆境内多处暴发泥石流,本次泥石流的集中暴发是地形地貌、物源和暴雨等多因子耦合异变的必然结果,打破115年记录的降雨是泥石流暴发的客观因素,但人类工程活动,如山区城镇建设、采矿、交通建设等造成的弃渣、毁林,是引发泥石流灾害的重要原因。对本次泥石流形成条件、形成机理进行了分析,并综合历史泥石流事例、山洪、水土流失分区、地形地貌、物源、气候等因素,对重庆境内泥石流发育趋势进行了初步分区;并基于成因分析、机理研究和泥石流分区,提出了重庆境内泥石流灾害有关防治对策建议。     

试谈突发环境污染事件的舆论引导

突发环境污染事件的舆论引导,是政府特别是环保部门应对突发环境污染事件,降低其对环境造成严重污染和破坏,减少对人身和财产造成重大损失的重要举措。本文全面分析了突发环境污染事件舆论引导工作的现实意义、基本要求,并提出建立突发环境污染事件的舆论引导机制。     

国外环境保护发展历程说明“环保风暴”必然理性回归

从国外环境保护发展历程可以说明,发达国家在经济发展的过程中没有环保风暴,建立长效机制是根本的选择。随着时代的发展,气候变化问题给我国造成了巨大的压力,在新的形势下应当建立相应的机制。长效机制完善了,何须环保风暴。     

生态补偿机制及模式研究进展

详细综述了生态补偿机制概念、理论基础、补偿标准、补偿模式及国内外生态补偿实践经验等方面的研究进展。发现外部性的内部化是生态补偿的关键和环境经济学基础,其核心问题包括：谁补偿谁,补偿多少以及如何补偿。通过回顾美国、欧洲发达国家与中国、拉丁美洲发展中国家在实施生态补偿过程中采取的各种措施,发现生态学与经济学理论已经逐渐融入生态补偿的研究之中。在此基础上,指出了国内生态补偿的科研和实践中有待解决的问题,最后提出了包括补偿的法律机制、补偿经济标准、政策制定等方面的建议。     

Assessment of the effect of technical and management characteristics on the frequency of release from piping: An application to a gas storage facility

The assessment of the frequencies of release from piping due to losses of containment is an essential step in the preparing Safety Reports, drawn up as required by the so-called “Seveso” Directive. These are usually calculated starting from the frequencies of random rupture included in international databases and are not plant-specific, furthermore, the quantification of the effect of the safety management system of the facility is not easy. A simple and flexible approach quantifying technical and management characteristics of the plant has been proposed by Milazzo and co-workers in 2010; it is based on the modification of the frequency taken from literature, through the use of the percentages of failure causes actually possible in that plant, and the judgment about their management. The data about the failure causes are taken from the literature and modified by using corrective factors to adapt them to the industrial context. To make possible the application of the method to a large number of major-hazard industry types, some aspects of the approach needed to be improved; these have been identified during a development project coordinated by RINA Consulting, on behalf of Saipem, with the collaboration of the University of Messina. The improvement of the approach focused on two main points, the development of a method to calculate the corrective factors for the failure causes associated with corrosion and erosion phenomena and the strengthening of the methodology for the formulation of the judgment about the safety management. This paper illustrates the fully improved method, as well as an application to a typical gas storage plant.     

Experimental study on detonation flame penetrating through flame arrester

In-line detonation flame arresters are important safety apparatus to prevent group tank fires caused by the spreading of fire through vapor connection lines. In this study, a DN50 experimental apparatus aimed at the detonation flame penetration characteristics and failure mechanisms in a flame arrester was set up, and a series of experiments were carried out with 6.6% C2H4 and air mixture. Pressure, and velocity of flame penetrating through flame arrester housing and filters were analyzed. Experimental results showed that the attenuation of pressure and velocity was proportional to the thickness of the filters. Two failure modes of the fire-extinguishing process in the flame arrester were captured directly with a high-speed camera. In Mode I, the detonation flame could go straight through the flame arrester filters when the filters were too thin. In Mode II, when the filters were not sufficiently thick, the remained shock wave pressure of detonation flame was still several times of the initial pressure and could rise sharply at the downstream contraction section, resulting in that the flammable gas at the downstream transition section could be compressed and reignited even the flame had been extinguished by filters. These conclusions are helpful to reveal the nature of failure modes of fire-extinguishing process and design flame arresters with high fire-resisting performance by structure improved.     

PAN dust explosion inhibition mechanisms of NaHCO3 and Al(OH)3

We investigate the PAN dust explosion inhibition behaviors of NaHCO₃ and Al(OH)₃ in a 20 L spherical explosion system and a transparent pipe explosion propagation test system. The results show that, in the standard 20 L spherical explosion system, the highest PAN dust explosion concentration is 500 g/m³, the maximum explosion pressure is 0.661 MPa, and the maximum explosion pressure increase rate is 31.64 MPa/s; adding 50% NaHCO₃ and 60% Al(OH)₃ can totally inhibit PAN dust explosion. In the DN0.15 m transparent pipe explosion propagation test system, for 500 g/m³ PAN dust, the initial explosion flame velocity is 102 m/s, the initial pressure is 0.46 MPa, and the initial temperature is 967 °C; adding 60% NaHCO₃ and 70% Al(OH)₃ can totally inhibit PAN dust explosion flames. Through FTIR and TG analyses, we obtain the explosion products and pyrolysis patterns of the explosion products of PAN dust, NaHCO₃, and Al(OH)₃. On this basis, we also summarize the PAN dust explosion inhibition mechanisms of NaHCO₃ and Al(OH)₃.     

吉非罗齐在热活化过硫酸盐体系中的降解机制研究

以降血脂药物吉非罗齐(GEM)为目标污染物,研究其在热活化过硫酸盐体系中的降解机制.结果表明,GEM的降解过程符合准一级反应动力学规律,增加过硫酸盐初始浓度或升高反应溶液温度都可以显著提高GEM的降解速率常数(kobs),其反应的表观活化能Ea为133.14k J·mol~(-1).酸性和中性条件下GEM的降解效果要好于碱性条件.自然水体中的腐植酸(HA)和HCO_3~-对GEM的降解有明显的抑制作用.自由基清除实验表明,在酸性和中性条件下,SO_4~(·-)对GEM的降解起主导作用,而在碱性条件下,HO·成为体系主要的氧化物种.利用HPLC-MS/MS技术共检测到11种中间产物,推测GEM的降解路径涉及苯环的羟基化和醛基化反应、苯环侧链的环化作用和脱羧反应以及醚支链的断裂.