黄河黑山峡大柳树坝址区地应力模拟计算及破裂危险性评价

在区域构造应力场模拟的基础上,采用子模型方式提取出黑山峡大柳树坝址区应力边界条件,对大柳树坝址区应力场进行了模拟计算及破裂危险性评价。计算结果显示,大柳树坝址区浅层应力场以水平应力为主,断裂对应力场有明显的控制作用。破裂危险性分析表明,对坝址构造稳定性起决定作用的主要是坝址北侧F 201地震断层的活动,以震源的垂直投影位置看,如果F 201发生强震,其南盘岩体至少5 km范围内将受到严重影响而产生地表破裂,危及坝体安全。     

广东地区求解环境剪应力场不同方法的常数值的确定

陈培善等推导了多个求解环境剪应力场0τ的公式,利用广东数字地震台网记录到的广东及邻近地区1999年以来163个ML2.0~5.2地震求解不同公式中的常数,假设广东地区环境剪应力场为5 M Pa,求得C3=-5.707,C4=4.678,C5=-0.259、C6=-5.91、C7=-12.01,C3~C7依次代表利用地震波辐射能量、拐角频率、震源峰值加速度、震源峰值速度或震源峰值位移求解0τ时所用到的常数。与其它地区的计算结果比较,显示不同地区的C4~C7较为接近,而C3相差较大。     

低硬度大直径橡胶隔震支座竖向荷载作用下钢板应力研究

采用大型通用有限元程序,对低硬度大直径橡胶隔震支座在竖向荷载作用下的基本性能进行了精细有限元分析.分析了在竖向荷载作用下支座上下封板、内部钢板的各种应力分布,以及支座顶部是否施加竖向同位移约束、支座孔径比、橡胶材料G值、内部单层橡胶厚度与内部单层钢板厚度之比对支座内钢板受力的影响.结果表明,内部钢板最大Mises应力、...     

Modelling the impact of flooding stress on the growth performance of woody species using fuzzy logic

Among the driving processes responsible for riparian forest dynamics the species-specific impact of flooding on the development of woody plants plays a key role—particularly for lowland rivers. Only a few of the forest succession models currently in use incorporate the flooding stress response of trees. This situation is mainly due to the incomplete investigation of the flooding tolerance processes and the related abiotic and biotic factors. In an attempt to use the wide-ranging but still rather vague knowledge available on flooding stress, the research presented in this paper proposes an approach to model tree response to flooding using the fuzzy set theory. The model is illustrated for the case of central European species. Flooding stress response to the abiotic factors of duration, depth and frequency of flooding differs according to five flooding tolerance classes and is expressed by means of a growth factor that limits optimal tree growth. We show that existing fuzzy set theory is able to generate and calibrate a flood stress response model which in turn can be incorporated into more complex forest succession models adapted to riparian areas.     

Human Impacts on Regional Avian Diversity and Abundance

Abstract: Patterns of association between humans and biodiversity typically show positive, negative, or negative quadratic relationships and can be described by 3 hypotheses: biologically rich areas that support high human population densities co‐occur with areas of high biodiversity (productivity); biodiversity decreases monotonically with increasing human activities (ecosystem stress); and biodiversity peaks at intermediate levels of human influence (intermediate disturbance). To test these hypotheses, we compared anthropogenic land cover and housing units, as indices of human influence, with bird species richness and abundance across the Midwestern United States. We modeled richness of native birds with 12 candidate models of land cover and housing to evaluate the empirical evidence. To assess which species were responsible for observed variation in richness, we repeated our model‐selection analysis with relative abundance of each native species as the response and then asked whether natural‐history traits were associated with positive, negative, or mixed responses. Native avian richness was highest where anthropogenic land cover was lowest and housing units were intermediate based on model‐averaged predictions among a confidence set of candidate models. Eighty‐three of 132 species showed some pattern of association with our measures of human influence. Of these species approximately 40% were negatively associated, approximately 6% were positively associated, and approximately 7% showed evidence of an intermediate relationship with human influence measures. Natural‐history traits were not closely related to the direction of the relationship between abundance and human influence. Nevertheless, pooling species that exhibited any relationship with human influence and comparing them with unrelated species indicated they were significantly smaller, nested closer to the ground, had shorter incubation and fledging times, and tended to be altricial. Our results support the ecosystem‐stress hypothesis for the majority of individual species and for overall species diversity when focusing on anthropogenic land cover. Nevertheless, the great variability in housing units across the land‐cover gradient indicates that an intermediate‐disturbance relationship is also supported. Our findings suggest preemptive conservation action should be taken, whereby areas with little anthropogenic land cover are given conservation priority. Nevertheless, conservation action should not be limited to pristine landscapes because our results showed that native avian richness and the relative abundance of many species peaked at intermediate housing densities and levels of anthropogenic land cover.     

微生物群落对氨胁迫响应的宏基因组学研究

为探析厌氧消化微生物群落对氨胁迫的响应,在串联批次实验中引入氨氮(TAN)胁迫,结合宏基因组学分析,研究了不同TAN浓度下,厌氧消化系统的过程参数、群落结构/组成及其功能基因/代谢途径的响应.结果显示,TAN为3000mg/L时,系统性能逐步优化;TAN为6000mg/L时,甲烷产率逐步下降,并伴随着丙酸、丁酸积累.从...     

轴向单缝偏心药柱爆破效应模型试验研究

为了探究轴向单缝偏心药柱在掏槽爆破中爆炸应力波传播规律和裂纹扩展情况,采用水泥砂浆模型试块开展模型爆破试验,采用超动态应变测试系统对爆炸应力场进行测量。结果表明:在相同爆心距下,背对切缝侧A测点仅为正对切缝侧B测点峰值应力的73.82%;一定角度范围内,峰值应力随偏转角度的增大而减小,偏转角度为0°时峰值应力最大,偏转角度为60°处峰值应力是偏转角度为30°处的74.39%,峰值应力在0°到60°范围内最大衰减达到32.74%;正对切缝方向产生一条贯通炮孔的主裂纹,裂纹发育优于其他方向,且切缝方向没有明显的细小裂纹,这表明轴向单缝偏心药柱具有良好的定向断裂能力。     

Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water,nutrient and energy source

There is a proactive interest in recovering water, nutrients and energy from waste streams with the increase in municipal wastewater volumes and innovations in resource recovery. Based on the synthesis of wastewater data, this study provides insights into the global and regional “potential” of wastewater as water, nutrient and energy sources while acknowledging the limitations of current resource recovery opportunities and promoting efforts to fast-track high-efficiency returns. The study estimates suggest that, currently, 380 billion m³ (m³ = 1,000 L) of wastewater are produced annually across the world which is a volume five-fold the volume of water passing through Niagara Falls annually. Wastewater production globally is expected to increase by 24% by 2030 and 51% by 2050 over the current level. Among major nutrients, 16.6 Tg (Tg = million metric ton) of nitrogen are embedded in wastewater produced worldwide annually; phosphorus stands at 3.0 Tg and potassium at 6.3 Tg. The full nutrient recovery from wastewater would offset 13.4% of the global demand for these nutrients in agriculture. Beyond nutrient recovery and economic gains, there are critical environmental benefits, such as minimizing eutrophication. At the energy front, the energy embedded in wastewater would be enough to provide electricity to 158 million households. These estimates and projections are based on the maximum theoretical amounts of water, nutrients and energy that exist in the reported municipal wastewater produced worldwide annually. Supporting resource recovery from wastewater will need a step-wise approach to address a range of constraints to deliver a high rate of return in direct support of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6, 7 and 12, but also other Goals, including adaptation to climate change and efforts in advancing “net-zero” energy processes towards a green economy.     

低剂量微囊藻毒素MC-LR诱导罗氏沼虾肝胰腺损伤及凋亡

微囊藻毒素(microcystins, MCs)是由水华蓝藻释放出来的一种有生物活性的环庚肽化合物,具有较强的肝毒性,MC-LR是其分布最广的和毒性最强的一个亚型。罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)是我国比较重要的一个水产养殖品种,但由于养殖水体富营养化程度比较严重,常常爆发蓝藻水华,给其健康养殖带来较大的威胁,但是关于MCs对罗氏沼虾的毒性机制研究的报道较少。因此,使用环境相关浓度的MC-LR(0.5和5μg·L~(-1))处理罗氏沼虾1、2和3周,通过组织学观察、免疫组化定位、氧化应激指标测定以及荧光定量PCR技术探究养殖水体中常见浓度MCs对罗氏沼虾的毒害效应及潜在机制。研究结果表明,较高环境相关浓度(5μg·L~(-1))的MCs会在罗氏沼虾肝胰腺中显著富集,诱导氧化应激,破坏肝胰腺的形态和结构,并且破坏作用随暴露时间延长而加剧,并发生细胞凋亡。而较低浓度的MCs(0.5μg·L~(-1))对肝胰腺的影响相对较小,但是依然会诱导罗氏沼虾肝胰腺氧化应激,并且在长时间作用下也会给肝胰腺组织带来损伤。上述研究结果证明,环境相关浓度的MCs对罗氏沼虾也有一定的毒害作用,并且毒害作用呈剂量与时间依赖效应。     

煤层气开采过程中渗透率模型比较研究

为了得到煤层气开采过程中渗透率的准确预测模型,分析了不同泊松比和孔隙压力下的储层孔隙率变化规律,通过理论分析对4种经典渗透率模型进行了比较研究。研究结果表明: P&M模型和C&B模型对泊松比敏感度较小,改进P&M模型和S&D模型对泊松比敏感度较大;改进P&M模型能有效反映渗透率变化趋势,在p＜1.4 MPa和p＞4.1 MPa时k/k0数值拟合度较高;P&M模型和S&D模型不能准确描述p＜1.4 MPa时k/k0变化情况,而在p＞1.4MPa时k/k0数值拟合度较高;煤层渗透率随孔隙压力增大表现为“U”型趋势,包含低孔隙压力骤减区、中孔隙压力稳定区和高孔隙压力稳步升高区3个阶段,改进P&M和S&D模型更能表现煤层气渗透率随孔隙压力变化趋势。