Analysis of bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different sludge properties and treatment performance by nested PCR-DGGE method

The bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different processes and performance were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of nested polymerase chain reaction （nested PCR） amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments with group-specific primers. Samples of raw sewage and treated effluents were amplified using the whole-cell PCR method, and the activated sludge samples were amplified using the extracted genomic DNA before the PCR products were loaded on the same DGGE gel for bacterial community analysis. Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and actinomycetic community analysis were also carried out to investigate the relationship between specific population structures and system or sludge performance. The two plants demonstrated a similarity in bacterial community structures of raw sewage and activated sludge, but they had different effluent populations. Many dominant bacterial populations of raw sewage did not appear in the activated sludge samples, suggesting that the dominant bacterial populations in raw sewage might not play an important role during wastewater treatment. Although the two plants had different sludge properties in terms of settleability and foam forming ability, they demonstrated similar actinomycetic community structures. For activated sludge with bad settling performance, the treated water presented a similar DGGE pattern with that of activated sludge, indicating the nonselective washout of bacteria from the system. The plant with better ammonium removal efficiency showed higher ammonia-oxidizing bacteria species richness. Analysis of sequencing results showed that the major populations in raw sewage were uncultured bacterium, while in activated sludge the predominant populations were beta proteobacteria.     

爆破对璐简王陵古建筑群的震害影响

璐简王陵及其古建筑群已有400余年的历史,虽然数次毁于兵燹,但至今仍然保存有大量完整的建筑物,然而,方面军些陵墓及建筑物近期却出现了数十处开裂、崩塌和倾斜等破坏,经过认真的野外勘察、分析和研究,认为破坏不是地震缝和断层活动所致,而是与凤凰山、峙山采石场持续不断的近距离爆破震动有关,经鉴定,大爆破造成的破坏烈度可达Ⅳ-Ⅴ度,每次大爆破都相当于一次地震,采石爆破给璐简王陵和古建筑带来了致命的影响和破坏。     

中高层砌块砌体结构Pushover分析研究

对3种不同中高层砌块砌体结构(分别为10层、15层和18层砌块砌体结构)进行大量时程分析,对结构的惯性力分布进行研究,提出一种新的适用于中高层砌块砌体结构Pushover分析的侧向力分布模式-抛物线型分布模式,并用该模式分别对3种砌块砌体结构进行Pushover分析。通过将Pushover得到的结构能力曲线与时程分析方法得到的结构能力曲线进行比较,将10层砌块砌体结构的Pushover分析结果与一座1/4比例的10层砌块砌体模型结构的振动台试验结果进行比较。比较结果表明:笔者所提出的侧向力分布模式适用于中高层砌块砌体结构的Pushover分析。     

大型建筑构件在突发性事件中的抗火性能分析

针对地震、恐怖袭击等突发性事件引起的次生火灾对大型建筑的破坏特点,比较了大型建筑与普通建筑在结构抗火性能上的差异;利用轴向非均匀温度应力模型,对大型建筑构件的抗火性能与结构抗火计算进行了分析,疏理归纳出了部分性能特征;提出了一套用于这类火灾特点的构件抗火计算理论方法。     

Governance models for nature-based solutions: Seventeen cases from Germany

Nature-based solutions (NBS) for mitigating climate change are gaining popularity. The number of NBS is increasing, but research gaps still exist at the governance level. The objectives of this paper are (i) to give an overview of the implemented NBS for flood risk management and mitigation in Germany, (ii) to identify governance models that are applied, and (iii) to explore the differences between these models. The results of a hierarchical clustering procedure and a qualitative analysis show that while no one-size-fits-all governance model exists, polycentricism is an important commonality between the projects. The study concludes by highlighting the need for further research on traditional governance model reconversion and paradigm changes. We expect the findings to identify what has worked in the past, as well as what is important for the implementation of NBS for flood risk management in future projects.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01412-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A Two‐Decade Watershed Approach to Stream Restoration Log Jam Design and Stream Recovery Monitoring: Finney Creek,Washington

A federal, state, and private partnership leveraged resources and employed a long‐term, systematic approach to improve aquatic habitat degraded by decades of intensive forest management in Finney Creek, a tributary to the Skagit River of Northwest Washington State. After more than a decade of work to reduce sediment sources and the risk of landslides within the watershed, log jam installation commenced in 1999 and progressed downstream through 2010. Log jam design was adapted as experience was gained. A total of 181 log jams, including 60 floating log ballasted jams, were constructed along 12 km of channel. The goal was to alter hydraulic processes that affect aquatic habitat formation along 39 km of stream with emphasis on 18.5 km of lower Finney Creek. Aquatic habitat surveys over a five‐year period show an increase in the area of large pools and an accompanying increase in residual and maximum pool depth in the lower river reach. Channel cross sections show a generally deeper channel at the log jams, better channel definition in the gravel deposits at the head of the log jams, and improved riffle and thalweg development below the log jams. Stream temperature in the upper river decreased by 1.0°F in the first three years, and 1.1°F in the lowest treated reach over nine years. There is a trend of less stream heating over the restoration time period. Photo points show that riparian vegetation is recolonizing gravel bars.     

世界石油资源空间分布格局演化分析

文章以石油探明储量为考量指标,以1980-2009年为研究时段,分析世界石油资源空间分布格局及其演化特征。根据1980-2009年间世界石油探明储量的阶段性上升走势,可将其大致划分为5个演化阶段,并选取相应的特征时点;针对各特征时点,依托ArcView GIS的空间分类与可视化功能,考察世界石油资源分布的等级体系、空间组合结构及其演化过程。结果表明:①世界石油资源的空间分布总体上呈多中心的圈层结构,其中波斯湾储油圈层和墨西哥湾-加勒比海储油圈层分别是东、西半球的油极,核心地位不断强化,其他七大区域性储油圈层则呈差别成长态势;②世界石油资源的空间分布总体上呈"东升西落"的演化态势,总体分布格局经历了多元化(1980-1985年)、极化(1986-1990年)、再多元化(1991-1997年)、再极化(1998-2001年)、复又多元化(2002-2009年)的演化过程,形成"北集中、南分散"的分布态势;③西半球石油储量空间逐渐分裂,而东半球中部的储油圈层则逐渐对接形成一个巨型弯月状储量带。     

生物膜复合系统脱氮除磷的特征及微生物群落结构分析

试验研究了序批式生物膜复合系统在不同有机负荷下氮磷等营养物质的去除特性.结果表明,复合系统在COD负荷为0.35kg.kg-1.d-1(以MLSS计)时能够很好解决脱氮除磷的泥龄矛盾,TP、TN、NH4+-N去除率分别能达到96%、89%和96%,高于对照组的SBR工艺.复合系统中,悬浮污泥对硝化起主要作用,悬浮态污泥和生物膜的硝化平均贡献比为1.66;附着态生物膜对反硝化和除磷起主要作用,生物膜和悬浮态污泥的反硝化贡献比为2.19,释磷贡献比为3.5,摄磷贡献比为3.76.利用PCR-DGGE技术发现,复合系统中存在丰富的脱氮功能菌和除磷功能菌,且悬浮态与附着态微生物的相似性仅为73%,区别较大,说明两者存在一定的分工协作,与反应器的处理特性相一致.     

Reservoir Sedimentation Rates in the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed,Oklahoma: Measurement and Controlling Factors

Forty‐five flood control reservoirs, authorized in the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act 1954, were installed by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) between 1969 and 1982 in the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW), located in central Oklahoma. Over time, these reservoirs have lost sediment and flood storage capacity due to sedimentation, with rates dependent on upstream land use and climate variability. In this study, sedimentation rates for 12 reservoirs representing three major land use categories within LWREW were measured based on bathymetric surveys that used acoustic profiling system. Physiographic and climate attributes of drainage area of surveyed reservoirs were extracted from publicly available data sources including topographic maps, digital elevation models, USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service soils, and weather station databases. Correlation, principal component analysis, and stepwise regression were utilized to analyze the relationship between normalized reservoir sedimentation rates (ReSRa) and the drainage area characteristics to determine the major variables controlling sedimentation within the LWREW. Percent of drainage area with extreme slopes, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and maximum daily rainfall event recorded in spring explained most of the variability in ReSRa. It was also found that percent reduction in reservoir surface area can be used as a surrogate for estimating ReSRa. The implications of the results are discussed.     

综采放顶煤工作面过地质构造时架前冒顶控制技术探讨

综采放顶煤工作面遇到地质构造时冒顶频繁,控顶困难,严重影响采煤工作面的安全生产和经济效益。通过对工作面架前冒顶原因进行深入分析及对工作面遇地质构造时架前冒顶防治进行不断探索,在技术和管理上形成了一整套切实可行的管理方法,在遇地质构造期间,通过采用有效手段便可保证综放支架安全通过地质构造。以伯方煤矿二盘区3207工作面工程实际为例,运用具体技术和管理措施,使工作面安全通过地质构造断层。该方法可为类似构造煤层的安全开采提供参考。