GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN LAKE ENVIRONMENTS,WITH MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT. Evaluation of lakes as they are related to groundwater flow systems is of special concern prior to efficient development and planning operations. Both naturally occurring and artificially created lakes are being developed rapidly as recreational and residential areas. Simultaneously, field verification of theoretical groundwater flow system behavior has progressed to the point where hydrogeologists trained to understand basic concepts of flow-system analysis can begin to broaden their research and service base, and to work closer with planners, developers, and engineers. It is suggested that particular efforts be directed toward a greater evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological aspects of potentially developable lake sites to aid in selecting use patterns in accord with these factors. Many lake developments are not in harmony with the physical environment. The resulting misuse of resources is often expressed as accelerated eutrophication of lakes, or by quality degradation of shallow groundwater flow systems contiguous to them. Lakes can no longer be considered as separate entities. Methodology for investigating the interchange of surface and near-surface water is adequate however, the application of known interchange relationships is inadequate. .     

国外不同类型湖泊治理思路分析与启示

为给我国湖泊水污染控制与富营养化治理提供可借鉴的思路与经验,选取位于日本、欧洲、北美等地的17个湖泊进行案例剖析,根据这些湖泊的自然特征(湖泊面积、平均水深与水体功能)将其分为大中型浅水湖泊、深水湖泊以及景观（小型）湖泊三种典型类型。通过资料整理分析、对比研究和集成凝练等技术手段,分析三类湖泊的治理思路及治理技术。分析得出,湖泊治理应坚持不懈、持续治理;在良好规划的基础上,分阶段科学治理;重视长期监测与基础研究;以污染源控制为基础,多种技术手段并用;进行生态修复,保持湖泊自然生态特征;加强流域管理,并重视立法、环境教育与公众参与。     

川西亚高山针叶林凋落物对土壤理化性质的影响

研究了川西地区亚高山人工云杉林及天然林凋落物变化及其对土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明30 a人工云杉林、40 a人工云杉林及次生林和原始林年凋落量分别为2.67×103 kg hm-2、4.38×103 kg hm-2、4.27×103 kg hm-2和4.77×103 kg hm-2,枯枝落叶层贮量分别为3.19×104 kg hm-2、3.64×104 kg hm-2、1.42×105 kg hm-2和1.45×105 kg hm-2,通过凋落物归还土壤的营养元素(N、P、K、Ca和Mg)的年归还总量依次为82.01 kg hm-2、129.04 kg hm-2、130.57 kg hm-2、170.55 kg hm-2,凋落物年失重率分别为24.35%、22.87%、36.96%和32.23%,人工林凋落物分解一半所需时间约为2.5 a,天然林约为1.6 a.各样地土壤含水量、孔隙度和养分含量大致表现为次生林≈原始林>30 a人工林>40 a人工林.森林年凋落量、枯枝落叶层贮量、养分归还量和年失重率与土壤自然含水率、有机质、N、P、K的含量呈正相关,与土壤容重呈负相关.人工云杉林生态功能的恢复滞后于次生林,凋落物分解缓慢是影响该地区土壤水分和养分状况的重要因素.人工云杉林进入旺盛生长期后,凋落量增加,养分归还量增大,此时期森林对土壤肥力有较高的补给潜力;但凋落物分解过缓,大量养分元素累积于枯枝落叶层,不能及时进入土壤,造成土壤理化性质状况较差.图1 表6 参18     

移动式絮凝-气浮集成系统研制及其在城市污染河湖治理中的应用

针对北京城市河湖的污染状况，论述了传统絮凝一气浮工艺在污染治理中的应用研究及以该工艺为基础的集成系统的开发。结果表明，该系统对TP、COD去除率分别达81％和75％。该系统的研制成功为城市河湖的污染治理开辟了新途径。     

DO WETLANDS BEHAVE LIKE SHALLOW LAKES IN TERMS OF PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS?1

ABSTRACT: The applicability of empirical relationships governing phosphorus (P) retention and nutrient assimilation in lakes and reservoirs was extended to include free surface water wetland treatment systems. Mixed reactor models have been used in lakes to predict steady state P concentration, characterize trophic state, compare P‐dynamics, and predict permissible P‐loading rates. Applying lake models to free surface water wetlands treatment systems, it was found that: sedimentation rates, loading rates, and settling velocity in these wetlands, and their typology are comparable to their lake counterparts. The analyses also suggest that phosphorus removal efficiency in a free surface water wetland treatment system is independent of trophic status, and similar to lakes, these wetlands can be classified according to their trophic state. Oligo‐and eutrophic wetland treatment systems can be defined by low and high TP inflow concentrations, respectively. In this study, olig‐otrophic status is defined as systems receiving inflow P‐loading less than 0.10 g m^‐2 year‐¹, and their P inputs are mainly derived from agricultural and stormwater runoff. Eutrophic treatment systems, on the other hand, are defined as those receiving inflow P‐loading higher than 0.20 g m² year‐¹, and their inputs are mainly derived from industrial and municipal wastewater. The comparability found between lakes and free surface water wetlands treatment systems raises the question: should we consider these wetlands “shallow lakes?”     

Estimating the critical phosphorus loading of shallow lakes with the ecosystem model PCLake: Sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty

There is a vast body of knowledge that eutrophication of lakes may cause algal blooms. Among lakes, shallow lakes are peculiar systems in that they typically can be in one of two contrasting (equilibrium) states that are self-stabilizing: a ‘clear’ state with submerged macrophytes or a ‘turbid’ state dominated by phytoplankton. Eutrophication may cause a switch from the clear to the turbid state, if the P loading exceeds a critical value. The ecological processes governing this switch are covered by the ecosystem model PCLake, a dynamic model of nutrient cycling and the biota in shallow lakes. Here we present an extensive analysis of the model, using a three-step procedure. (1) A sensitivity analysis revealed the key parameters for the model output. (2) These parameters were calibrated on the combined data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, macrophytes cover and Secchi depth in over 40 lakes. This was done by a Bayesian procedure, giving a weight to each parameter setting based on its likelihood. (3) These weights were used for an uncertainty analysis, applied to the switchpoints (critical phosphorus loading levels) calculated by the model. The model was most sensitive to changes in water depth, P and N loading, retention time and lake size as external input factors, and to zooplankton growth rate, settling rates and maximum growth rates of phytoplankton and macrophytes as process parameters. The results for the ‘best run’ showed an acceptable agreement between model and data and classified nearly all lakes to which the model was applied correctly as either ‘clear’ (macrophyte-dominated) or ‘turbid’ (phytoplankton-dominated). The critical loading levels for a standard lake showed about a factor two uncertainty due to the variation in the posterior parameter distribution. This study calculates in one coherent analysis uncertainties in critical phosphorus loading, a parameter that is of great importance to water quality managers.     

TROPHIC STATE EVALUATION FOR SELECTED LAKES IN GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK1

ABSTRACT: Increased visitation at Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) has raised concerns about impacts on surface water in the park. The purposes of this study are to perform a benchmark trophic state survey for comparison to future evaluations and to identify possible areas of concern. Four watershed regions based on geographic and geologic features were delineated for study. Six Alpine lakes, six Moraine lakes, three Valley lakes, and two Colter Bay lakes are evaluated. Lakes were sampled for total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll‐a, and transparency. The water quality, as defined by trophic state, in the park is generally good. Oligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions were found in the Alpine and Moraine lakes and mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions were found in the Colter Bay and Valley lakes. High inflow TP concentrations in the park's northeast side may be due to the presence of natural geologic phosphate from the Phosphoria Formation.     

湖泊富营养化防治对策研究

据统计,目前全国有90％以上的湖泊处于富营养化状态.日趋严重的湖泊富营养化问题亟待解决.分析了湖泊富营养化的现状、成因与危害,从控制水体中的营养物质、除藻、生态修复等三个方面提出了湖泊富营养化的防治对策.生态修复是最根本有效的防治方法,符合可持续发展的要求.政府相关部门应加大监管和宣传力度,培养公民环境保护意识,严格控制外源污染排入湖泊水体.     

湖泊流体动力学模型及其应用

从二维浅水非固定流的控制方程和湖水稀释自净方程出发,建立了一个湖泊流体动力学模型.并根据天津于桥水库的实际情况,对该水库引水期和非引水期的水污染情况进行了模拟试验.试验结果表明,在设置水库初始质量浓度为零的情况下,引水期开始后,TN由果河入库处逐渐向库中心扩散.96h后基本上扩散到整个水库,随后出现稳定的分布状态.水库中出现一些高值中心与水库的基本形态和动力参数(如水库形状、边摩擦、底摩擦以及风应力等参数)有关;在非引水期,于桥水库的总磷、总氮等污染物的分布较引水期变化缓慢、简单,而且,污染物的含量相对较小.模拟的污染物分布结果与于桥水库的实际分布基本一致.      

挺水植物对湖泊水质数值模拟过程的影响

将environmental fluids dynamics code(EFDC)模型和CE-QUAL-ICM模型相结合,建立了内蒙古乌梁素海富营养化模型.在建模过程中,考虑挺水植物分布情况及其密度、高度、直径等形态指标,并将考虑挺水植物影响与未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷模拟过程进行计算、对比、分析.结果表明,考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,而未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值未能反映实测值的变化趋势,可见,湖泊挺水植物的存在对氮磷浓度的迁移转化起着关键的作用.同时,在模拟过程中明显提高了运算效率和模拟精度,表明考虑挺水植物影响的富营养化模型能够较好地反映湖区内某位置氮磷浓度的动态模拟结果,能够为湖泊管理部门提供一定的参考.