土壤真菌群落对五台山亚高山草甸退化的响应

草地退化已经成为了一个世界性的生态问题.尽管土壤微生物作为草地退化过程的主要参与者,在维持生态系统功能和提高土壤生产力中扮演着关键角色,但目前对草地退化引起的微生物群落变化及其与土壤性质和植物群落的关系知之甚少.本文利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术,对五台山亚高山草甸4个不同退化阶段[未退化(ND)、轻度退化(LD)、中度退化(MD)和重度退化(HD)]土壤真菌群落特征进行了分析.结果表明,子囊菌门、担子菌门和接合菌门是亚高山草甸土壤真菌的优势门. LEfSe分析显示不同退化程度草甸富集了不同的生物标志物,MD和HD富集了更多的病原真菌.与ND相比,HD土壤真菌群落丰富度和香农指数显著降低(P<0.05).非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果表明,真菌群落组成和结构在退化梯度上存在显著的差异(P<0.05).冗余分析(RDA)发现土壤含水量、总氮、植物丰富度和铵态氮是真菌群落组成和结构变化的主要驱动因子.植物与真菌群落之间的α多样性和β多样性均存在显著相关性(P<0.05),具有强耦合性.本研究结果为研究亚高山草甸不同退化阶段下土壤真...     

Grouping Lakes for Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring: The Roles of Regionalization and Spatial Scale

Regionalization frameworks cluster geographic data to create contiguous regions of similar climate, geology and hydrology by delineating land into discrete regions, such as ecoregions or watersheds, often at several spatial scales. Although most regionalization schemes were not originally designed for aquatic ecosystem classification or management, they are often used for such purposes, with surprisingly few explicit tests of the relative ability of different regionalization frameworks to group lakes for water quality monitoring and assessment. We examined which of 11 different lake grouping schemes at two spatial scales best captures the maximum amount of variation in water quality among regions for total nutrients, water clarity, chlorophyll, overall trophic state, and alkalinity in 479 lakes in Michigan (USA). We conducted analyses on two data sets: one that included all lakes and one that included only minimally disturbed lakes. Using hierarchical linear models that partitioned total variance into within-region and among-region components, we found that ecological drainage units and 8-digit hydrologic units most consistently captured among-region heterogeneity at their respective spatial scales using all lakes (variation among lake groups = 3% to 50% and 12% to 52%, respectively). However, regionalization schemes capture less among-region variance for minimally disturbed lakes. Diagnostics of spatial autocorrelation provided insight into the relative performance of regionalization frameworks but also demonstrated that region size is only partly responsible for capturing variation among lakes. These results suggest that regionalization schemes can provide useful frameworks for lake water quality assessment and monitoring but that we must identify the appropriate spatial scale for the questions being asked, the type of management applied, and the metrics being assessed.     

受污染湖泊的生态修复

分析我国湖泊水体的水质现状及其污染成因，从外源性污染物质和内源性污染物质两个方面。详细阐述具体的生态修复措施，结合工程实例，介绍其应用效果及优缺点。     

A Hydrological Model for Predicting the Effects of Dams on the Shoreline Vegetation of Lakes and Reservoirs

/ The species richness of shoreline vegetation of unregulated lakes in Nova Scotia, Canada, is known to increase as a function of catchment area, a topographic variable governing water level fluctuations. Predictions based on catchment area however, fail to account for richness patterns at the margins of lakes enlarged by dams. Here, we compare the vegetation and hydrological regimes of regulated and unregulated systems. Hydrological regimes of regulated systems deviated from natural systems of similar catchment area by being either hypovariable or hypervariable for both within-year and among-year fluctuations in water level. Plant communities of dammed systems were less diverse, contained more exotic species, and were, with one exception, devoid of rare shoreline herbs. Data from "recovering," or previously dammed systems indicated that shoreline communities can be restored upon return of the appropriate hydrological regime. Using observed within-year and among-year water level fluctuation data, we propose a general model for the maintenance or restoration of diverse herbaceous wetlands on shorelines of temperate lakes or reservoirs. Managers can manipulate the within-year water level variation within prescribed limits (1-2 m), while ensuring that among-year variation (SD of summer levels) is less than 25% of within-year variation. This preliminary model is based on data from low-fertility, temperate lakes in river systems. To calibrate the model, plant community data from other regions are needed, as are long-term water-level data for unregulated lakes, data which are essential but largely lacking in many areas.KEY WORDS: Catchment area; Regulated lakes; Shoreline restoration; Rare plants; Exotic plants; Diversity     

美国湖泊调查评价技术及对我国湖泊生态环境管理的启示

自2006年起,美国环保署(EPA)在美国本土开展了两次湖泊生态状况调查和评估,从营养状态、生物健康和休闲娱乐的关键指标开展评估,旨在摸清美国湖泊生态环境现状和影响湖泊生态健康的关键胁迫因子。EPA逐步形成了涵盖水文、水质、水生生物等多重指标在内的湖泊调查评估体系,该体系已成为美国湖泊环境管理系统的重要组成部分,为湖泊环境保护和水生态系统恢复提供了有力支持。本文从清单建立、重点调查湖泊清单筛选、采样布点、监测指标、评估方法等方面系统研究总结美国湖泊调查评估的关键技术方法体系,以期为我国湖泊生态环境保护和环境管理工作提供借鉴。     

长江中下游湖泊超微型真核藻类遗传多样性研究

用流式分选结合末端限制性片段长度多态性的方法对长江中下游30个湖泊中超微型真核藻类的遗传多样性进行了研究,以了解不同环境条件下超微型真核藻类多样性的分布规律及其影响的主要因子.长江中下游湖泊大都已富营养化,但超微藻的群落组成差异仍然很大,T-RFLP分析共发现197个T-RFs,有45%的T-RFs(89个)仅在不到3个湖泊中检测到,聚类分析中各湖相似度均低于80%.中营养水平湖泊中多样性指数较高,总氮浓度与超微型真核藻类群落结构显著相关(P=0.006),CCA分析中,第一轴与第二轴共解释了10.0%的超微型真核藻类群落组成的变化.本研究表明,湖泊中超微型真核藻类群落组成的环境异质性明显,其多样性与湖泊营养水平密切相关,此外其它非生物因素对其群落组成也可能存在重要影响.     

洮滆水系湖库富营养化生态风险的特点与比较

茅东水库、长荡湖、涌湖、太湖竺山湾是洮滆水系从上游到下游排列的4大典型湖库,2008年的监测分析表明,氮、磷是该水系湖库富营养化的主要污染因子,并沿流域呈加剧趋势,上下游TP质量浓度为0.081～0.296 mg/L,差异小,而TN质量浓度为0.314～5.67 mg/L,差异大,长荡湖到涌湖是洮滆水系首要污染物TN快...     

长江三角洲湖泊富营养化演变趋势及其调控对策

随着经济的发展，长江三角洲地区的富营养化，如蓝藻，水葫芦爆发等问题日趋严重。给该区的可持续发展带来了严重的后果。本文结合太湖，淀山湖，阳澄湖的多年环境监测资料，探讨了长江三角洲湖泊富营养化的现状和发展趋势；湖泊氮磷和耗氧性有机污染物含量逐年上升，每十年水质下降一个级别；局部水域富营养化严重。近15年上升了一个营养级别；富营养化持续加重加剧。继而分析了形成湖泊富营养化的主要污染物源，并在此基础上提出了相应的调控对策和措施。     

湖泊群的生态修复与开发利用研究初探——以武汉东西湖区湖泊群为例

由于人口压力巨大,我国湖泊退田还湖总量有限.笔者从可持续发展的角度,提出大城市郊区现有的湖泊和湖泊群,应将主要功能转变为调节城市生态环境质量和发挥其在景观美学上的作用.笔者以武汉东西湖为例,对湖泊的生态修复和景观美学建设提出了具体建议.      

中国八大湖泊冬季水-气界面CO2通量

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对中国不同地区八个湖泊(洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖、南四湖、洪泽湖、抚仙湖、洱海、滇池)冬季水体的水-气界面CO2通量进行了24h连续观测。结果表明:冬季洞庭湖、巢湖、洱海和滇池24h均为大气CO2的汇,其通量分别为-23.78、-16.08、-24.38、-17.94mg·m-2·h-1;鄱阳湖、南四湖水体则为大气CO2的源,其通量分别为35.76、27.64mg·m-2·h-1;洪泽湖和抚仙湖在晴天时为大气CO2的汇,夜间或阴天为大气CO2的源,但从24h的平均通量来看,洪泽湖为大气CO2的汇,通量为-26.56mg·m-2·h-1;抚仙湖为大气CO2的源,通量16.01mg·m-2·h-1。