An assessment of historical change in two northern Minnesota lakes

Two northern Minnesota lakes that had been studied in detail 22 years earlier (1958) were restudied to determine the extent of alteration in ecological conditions. Approximately one year after the original investigation, a coal-fired power plant, which incremented sulfate loading by about 6 kg/ha-yr, began operation nine miles away. These lakes lie within a region judged susceptible to acidic precipitation, though each lake, based on its buffering capacity, would be judged only moderately sensitive. In spite of the influence of this plant and other anthropogenic inputs, the change in lake ecology was apparently minimal. Water clarity decreased in both lakes and some alteration in zooplankton community structure was observed. The long-term utility of lake surveys depends upon how carefully and completely conditions can be reconstructed from records and reports. Past surveys generally omit measures of variability for the data, allowing only qualitative comparisons to be drawn. In order to judge the graded responses of aquatic ecosystems, necessary to sound management, quantitative measures are needed.Deceased.     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Nutrient and Sediment Loading to Lake Tahoe,California‐Nevada,USA

Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has provided stream‐discharge and water quality data—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment—at more than 20 stations in Lake Tahoe Basin streams. To characterize the temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient and sediment loading to the lake, and improve the usefulness of the program and the existing database, we have (1) identified and corrected for sources of bias in the water quality database; (2) generated synthetic datasets for sediments and nutrients, and resampled to compare the accuracy and precision of different load calculation models; (3) using the best models, recalculated total annual loads over the period of record; (4) regressed total loads against total annual and annual maximum daily discharge, and tested for time trends in the residuals; (5) compared loads for different forms of N and P; and (6) tested constituent loads against land use‐land cover (LULC) variables using multiple regression. The results show (1) N and P loads are dominated by organic N and particulate P; (2) there are significant long‐term downward trends in some constituent loads of some streams; and (3) anthropogenic impervious surface is the most important LULC variable influencing water quality in basin streams. Many of our recommendations for changes in water quality monitoring and load calculation methods have been adopted by the LTIMP.     

典型喀斯特城市湖库溶解性有机质成分特征及来源解析

为探索喀斯特城市湖库溶解性有机质（DOM）成分特征及来源信息,以我国贵阳市重要喀斯特湖库——红枫湖、百花湖、松柏山水库和阿哈水库为研究对象,分析了表层水体溶解性有机碳（DOC）、叶绿素a（Chla）和DOM光学参数(a₂₅₄、a₂₈₀、a₃₅₀、 E2∶E3、S_275-295、 FI、β:α、 BIX、 HIX)的空间差异,同时利用荧光吸收峰（B、 T、 A、 M、 C、 D、 N）和三维荧光平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）解释DOM各成分丰度及占比状况,并运用Spearman相关分析及主成分分析（PCA）揭示DOM参数的相关性和主要环境过程.结果表明,喀斯特城市湖库ρ（DOC）和ρ（Chla）范围分别为4.24～11.9 mg·L^-1和0.32～19.7μg·L^-1,松柏山水库腐殖质(a₂₅₄)和芳香类蛋白质(a₂₈₀)较高,导致相对分子质量(E2∶E3和S_275-295)高于其它湖...     

湖北省湖泊大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

大型底栖动物是湖泊生态系统的重要生物类群,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。底栖动物具有生命周期长、迁移能力较弱、对环境变化反应敏感等特点,可有效指示湖泊生态系统的健康状况。湖北省是我国淡水湖泊分布最密集的区域之一,湖泊总面积为3025 km2。近年来,伴随着工农业、养殖业及城市化的快速发展,富营养化已成为本地区湖泊面临的一个主要环境问题,并可能直接影响大型底栖动物的群落结构。目前关于本地区湖泊大型底栖动物群落的研究还较少,为此本研究对湖北省27个浅水湖泊底栖动物进行了调查,并对水质状况进行生物学评价。共采集到底栖动物40种,隶属于4门7纲18科,其中寡毛类5种,摇蚊幼虫16种,软体动物双壳类4种、腹足类8种。霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、苏氏尾鳃蚓（Branchiura sowerbyi）、花翅前突摇蚊（Procladius choreus）、中国长足摇蚊（Tanypus chinensis）、多巴小摇蚊（Microchironomus tabarui）及铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）是本地区湖泊最常见的种类。所调查湖泊底栖动物平均密度为32~1243 ind·m-2,其中12个湖泊密度低于200 ind·m-2,摇蚊幼虫和寡毛类对密度的贡献较大,以摇蚊幼虫占优势的湖泊有19个。底栖动物平均生物量为0.034~460.7 g·m-2,生物量低于50 g·m-2的湖泊数量最多（19个）,软体动物占优势的湖泊有16个,摇蚊幼虫和寡毛类占优势的湖泊数量共11个。各湖泊底栖动物物种数为3~14种,Margalef指数为0.71~2.33,Simpson指数为0.69~0.85,Shannon-Wiener为0.78~2.13,Spearman相关性分析结果显示物种丰富度和三种多样性指数与湖泊面积呈显著正相关。BI（Hilsenhoff生物指数）评价结果显示共11个湖泊为一般和轻度污染（6.01~7.44）,中度污染湖泊数量为13个（7.57~8.47）,长湖（8.52）、上津湖（8.65）和玉湖（8.50）处于重污染状态。     

基于O/E模型的浅水湖泊生态系统健康评价

以长江中下游阻隔型浅水湖泊为研究对象,分析了1998—2018年116湖次底栖动物野外调查数据,构建了基于预测模型的观测物种组成/期望物种组成(O/E)指数健康评价指标体系,评价了长江中下游浅水湖泊的底栖动物物种组成完整性.O/E指数模型评价结果显示,在物种采集概率(Pc)>0阈值条件下的O/E0模型预测得到的监测湖泊...     

Heavy-metal contents in suspended solids of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and its environmental significances

Surface water was taken from river mouth to the central area of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China. Suspended solids were condensed by centrifugation 25L surface water samples from each selected site. Suspended solids and surface sediments were further freeze-dried and microwave digested before determining the metals by ICP-AES. Among the metals analyzed in suspended solids and sediments, contents of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in suspended solids were significantly higher than those in sediments while contents of AI, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Pb, and V in suspended solids were 10%-30% higher than those in sediments. Sr and Ti contents in suspended solids and sediments were very similar. Na content in suspended solids was lower than that in sediments. Heavy metals were significantly accumulated in suspended solids. From the river mouth to the center of Meiliang Bay, contents of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in suspended solids showed a gradual decreasing trend indicating the river(Zhihugang River) still discharged large quantity of heavy metals to Meiliang Bay. The study suggests that the geochemical behaviors and ecological effects of heavy metals in suspended solids may serve as a good indicator for the pollution of lake.     

湖泊资源特征及与其功能的关系分析

在地质、地貌、气象、水文、化学和生物等各种内外营力长期相互作用下形成的湖泊资源,是自然资源的一种类型,在国民经济可持续发展中发挥着重要的经济、环境和社会效益。同时,湖泊自身系统结构是通过赋存其中的各种资源而显现的,并存在着内在的有机联系,也就由此而衍生出湖泊具有多种功能。因此,湖泊的资源是其功能的载体,资源具有直观性,而功能则具有抽象性,往往容易被忽略,这也是人们认识湖泊是经历资源型到功能型逐步发展过程的原因所在。人类是自然之骄子,具有择水而居的习性,对自然的认识是从对自然资源的依赖性和对自然现象充满神秘感开始的。湖泊是国土资源的重要组成部分,并具有强大的生态服务功能和鲜明的特点,在塑就人类文明史方面发挥了重要作用。文章对我国湖泊资源的特征和湖泊资源利用过程中存在的问题,以及湖泊由不同资源类型组成的生态结构所维系的功能进行了初步探讨。     

河北水库及湖泊沉积物中DDT农药的残留特征与风险评估

分析了河北省主要湖泊水库沉积物中有机氯农药(DDT)的残留特征与生态风险.2004年秋季采集了河北12个水库和2个湖泊的表层沉积物样品,利用GC-ECD测定DDTs农药的含量,在此基础上分析了其残留与组成特征以及生态风险.结果表明:1)河北省主要湖泊水库沉积物中DDTs的平均含量为3.328 ng·g-1,其含量范围为1.014～9.022 ng·g-1;并且,不同样品中DDTs的含量的差异较大,变异系数均超过65%.2)临城水库、陡河水库、龙门水库3个样点的表面沉积物中wDDT/(wDDD wDDE)＞1,表明有新的DDT输入;岗南水库、邱庄水库、黄壁庄水库3个样点的表面沉积物中wDDD/wDDE＞1,说明DDD降解环境为厌氧条件;其余8个样点wDDD/wDDE＜1,说明DDD降解环境为好氧条件.3)所有样点中DDT、DDD和DDE浓度均低于ERM,并且大部分小于ERL,表明其生态风险大多低于10%;但11个样点的DDTs含量介于ERL和ERM之间,表明其生态风险大多介于10%～50%.     

THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF A SUBALPINE LAKE1

ABSTRACT Atmospheric scientists have predicted that large-scale climatic changes will result from increasing levels of tropospheric CO₂ We have investigated the potential effects of climate change on the primary productivity of Castle Lake, a mountain lake in Northern California. Annual algal productivity was modeled empirically using 25 years of limnological data in order to establish predictive relationships between productivity and the climatic variables of accumulated snow depth and precipitation. The outputs of monthly temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models (GCMs) of doubled atmospheric CO₂ were then used in the regression model to predict annual algal productivity. In all cases, the GCM scenarios predicted increased algal productivity for Castle Lake under cenditions of doubled atmospheric CO₂The primary cause of enhanced productivity was the increased length of the growing season resulting from earlier spring ice-out.     

洗涤剂禁(限)磷前后水体磷负荷变化的思考

基于杭州西湖在洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷前后总磷含量的变化 ,分析了水体磷负荷的主要来源 ,以及对在我国实行洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷工作的一些思考。