磁暴对沿海核电站变压器安全影响的研究

磁暴产生的地磁感应电流(GIC)直接损伤变压器和间接干扰继电保护等设备,强磁暴可能威胁到电网的安全运行。为探明磁暴对沿海核电站变压器的影响,对第23太阳周峰年强磁暴侵害广东岭澳核电站、江苏上河变电站的GIC测量数据,以及西北陕甘青宁750 kV电网计算数据进行统计分析,研究沿海核电站与内陆变电站变压器GIC大小及其差异原因。结果表明,由于受海岸效应现象的影响,沿海核电站的变压器更容易遭受磁暴的侵害。在此基础上,对极端磁暴的可能危害、灾害风险以及沿海核电站的磁暴灾害进行评估,并建议核电站选址和变压器选型时应评估磁暴的影响。     

某燃煤电厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特征及源解析

为探究某燃煤电厂污染物排放中重金属对周边农田土壤环境的影响,采用辐射环形法,以电厂烟囱为中心,布设31个农田土壤采样点.使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定土壤中10种重金属含量,分析土壤中重金属含量特征及潜在生态风险,基于地统计空间插值和AERMOD扩散模型对重金属空间分异情况和污染特征进行探究,并运用PMF受体模型对重金属进行源解析.结果表明：①燃煤电厂周边农田土壤重金属ω（Pb）、ω（Mn）、ω（Zn）、ω（Cr）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（As）、ω（Co）、ω（Hg）和ω（Cd）的平均值分别为414.46、286.38、155.22、69.54、55.77、53.48、31.73、19.86、0.78和0.71 mg·kg^-1,其中Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Zn、Cu、Co、Cr和Ni的含量均超过陕西省土壤背景值,分别为背景值的26、19.36、7.88、2.83、2.23、2.49、1.87、1.11和1.93倍,元素Cd、Cr、Ni和Zn的高值区出现在电厂西北方向.②燃煤电厂周边农田土壤重金属潜在生态风险指数（RI）的均值为714.53,整体处于很强的生态风险水平,并在千河火车站、石油天然气公司附近出现高值富集区,Hg元素的单项潜在生态风险指数（E_i）为520.92,处于极强的生态风险水平.③燃煤电厂周边农田土壤重金属主要来源为煤炭燃烧的降尘源（32.16%）、工农业活动源（19.78%）、自然源（26.25%）和交通源（21.81%）.土壤重金属含量较高值均分布在距电厂1~2 km范围内,重金属含量在距离电厂1 km范围内较小,在1~2 km范围逐渐增大,大于2 km后又呈逐渐减小趋势.研究得出的电厂周边农田土壤重金属空间分异情况及富集特征,可为开展土壤污染治理提供理论及数据支撑.     

不同沉水植物净水能力与植株体细菌群落组成相关性

选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)、密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)和微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)这8种亚热带地区常见的沉水植物为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力进行对比试验,并结合16S rRNA基因测序对沉水植物关联细菌群落组成进行测定,研究沉水植物对水体的净化能力与植株体菌群之间的相关性.结果表明,8种沉水植物对水体中的氮磷的去除主要通过植物增效作用,植物吸收富集作用去除率较低.其中密刺苦草对水体中TN、TP的去除率最高,达到了91. 58%和96. 81%.伊乐藻、金鱼藻对水中氮磷自身吸收能力高于其他组,密刺苦草和苦草的植物增效的净化能力最强.经分析,8种沉水植物对水体中氮磷的净化能力较强可能是因为植物关联的细菌大多具有降解作用.根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)、贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillales)的细菌可能是引起密刺苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群,异常球菌纲(Deinococci)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)、腐螺旋菌科(Saprospiraceae)和生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)的细菌可能是引起苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群.     

新冠期间河北省典型钢铁企业大气污染影响

基于国家气象局气象预报数据,建立了基于AERMOD的钢铁企业污染预报模型,模拟了新冠疫情管控期（2020年2~3月）及解封后期（2020年4~10月）河北省某钢铁企业对大气污染的影响,并结合空气质量实测数据进行模型验证.结果显示,不利风向条件下,该钢铁厂大气污染物排放对当地3个国控站点SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的平均浓度贡献占比,在疫情管控期分别为20.19%~33.81%,17.49%~23.46%和2.02%~2.69%,在解封后期分别为13.43%~21.01%,11.09%~20.92%和1.20%~2.22%.由于疫情管控期受其他人为源干扰较少,该钢铁厂SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的预报值和三个国控站点实际监测值的相关系数,在新冠疫情管控期（在单个站点中,最高分别为0.43、0.48和0.29）高于解封后期（最高分别为0.42、0.39和0.07）.     

Mercury emissions and partitioning from Indian coal-fired power plants

In India coal combustion is the single largest source of emission of mercury which is a wide-spread persistent global toxicant, travelling across international borders through air and water. As a party to the Minamata convention, India aims to monitor and reduce Hg emissions and stricter norms are introduced for mercury emissions from power plants (30 μg/Nm³for flue gas in stack).This paper presents the results obtained during the experimental studies performed on mercury emissions at four coal-fired and one lignite-fired power plants in India. The mercury concentration in the feed coal varied between 0.12–0.27 mg/Kg. In the mercury mass balance, significant proportion of feed coal mercury has been found to be associated with fly ash, whereas bottom ash contained very low mercury. 80%–90% of mercury was released to air through stack gas. However, for circulating fluidised bed boiler burning lignite, about 64.8% of feed mercury was found to get captured in the fly ash and only 32.4% was released to air. The mercury emission factor was found to lie in the range of 4.7–15.7 mg/GJ.     

Monitoring perchlorate exposure and thyroid hormone status among raccoons inhabiting a perchlorate-contaminated site

Perchlorate is a water soluble anion that is readily accumulated in vegetation. It inhibits uptake of iodide into thyroid gland tissue, thereby reducing production of thyroid hormones. Potential raccoon food items including berries, fish, and vegetation collected at a contaminated site contained quantifiable concentrations of perchlorate as determined by ion chromatography. Therefore, we monitored resident raccoons for exposure to perchlorate by examining plasma perchlorate and thyroid hormone concentrations. Resulting analytical data failed to demonstrate perchlorate exposure among raccoons that likely consumed food items collected along perchlorate-contaminated water bodies. There were no correlations between triiodothyronine or thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, but triiodothyronine concentrations in raccoon plasma were significantly higher in 2000 than in 2001 (p = 0.0081). These data suggest that natural attenuation and remedial efforts initiated in January of 2001 may have reduced perchlorate exposure among raccoons inhabiting this site from 2000 to 2001. Temporal, spatial, and analytical factors limited our ability to quantify exposure among raccoons, however, our data do not indicate that raccoons currently inhabiting this site are at risk for significant exposure to perchlorate and subsequent effects.     

垃圾渗滤液特性分析及Fenton预处理研究

利用Fenton—混凝沉淀法预处理广西某垃圾焚烧发电厂和垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液,对Fenton试剂以及混凝沉淀进行了单因素分析,分别研究了垃圾渗滤液在不同的n[Fe2+]/n[H2O2]、H2O2投加量、FeSO4投加量、pH值、反应时间、PAC投加量等条件下的处理效果。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液经Fenton—混凝预处理,对COD、色度、SS处理效果好,对NH3—N去除效果不明显;渗滤液的可生化性有所提高,可进行后续生化处理。     

Evaluating the success of functional restoration after reintroduction of a lost avian pollinator

Conservation translocation is a common method for species recovery, for which one increasingly frequent objective is restoring lost ecological functions to promote ecosystem recovery. However, few conservation translocation programs explicitly state or monitor function as an objective, limiting the ability to test assumptions, learn from past efforts, and improve management. We evaluated whether translocations of hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a threatened New Zealand passerine, achieved their implicit objective of restoring lost pollination function. Through a pollinator-exclusion experiment, we quantified, with log response ratios (lnR), the effects of birds on fruit set and seed quality in hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium), a native flowering shrub. We isolated the contributions of hihi by making comparisons across sites with and without hihi. Birds improved fruit set more at sites without hihi (lnR = 1.27) than sites with hihi (lnR = 0.50), suggesting other avian pollinators compensated for and even exceeded hihi contributions to fruit set. Although birds improved seed germination only at hihi sites (lnR = 0.22–0.41), plants at sites without hihi had germination rates similar to hihi sites because they produced 26% more filled seeds, regardless of pollination condition. Therefore, although our results showed hihi improved seed quality, they also highlighted the complexity of ecological functions. When an important species is lost, ecosystems may be able to achieve similar function through different means. Our results underscore the importance of stating and monitoring the ecological benefits of conservation translocations when functional restoration is a motivation to ensure these programs are achieving their objectives.     

演马矿煤矸石堆周围环境中重金属分布特征

以焦作市演马矿煤矸石堆为对象,检测分析其周围土壤、地下水和植物中的重金属含量,并结合当地的地形地貌、土壤性质和地下水动力条件,研究煤矸石堆放与环境污染之间的联系. 根据地形地貌、地下水流向和风向,在演马矿煤矸石堆周围布置土壤、地下水和植物采样点,检测分析pH和重金属(如Pb,Mn,Zn,Cu,Cr和Cd)含量及分布规律. 结果表明:煤矸石堆放是造成周围环境污染的重要因素,煤矸石释放的重金属大部分被土壤所吸附,所检测的6种重金属在土壤中均被检出,其中部分点位的Zn和Cd含量已经超过土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准;土壤中重金属可以进一步向地下水和植物传递,地下水中Mn含量与煤矸石堆的距离呈负相关,植物叶中Pb的含量最高,叶和茎中重金属含量表现出与煤矸石堆的相关性;矿坑排水、锅炉房飘尘也是造成周围环境重金属污染的重要来源.      

GIS支持下的秦岭植被景观梯度分析

秦岭植被景观类型丰富,具有过渡性和复杂性特点,植被垂直分带明显. 在分析了大尺度秦岭植被景观空间水平分布格局的基础上,利用基于GIS梯度分析方法,分析秦岭的植被与海拔梯度的关系,得到秦岭不同植被景观类型的斑块数、分布范围、植被分布的海拨高度平均值和标准差,并以太白山为例,对太白山植物种进行了梯度分析. 结果表明,随着海拔高度的增加,太白山依次出现7种植被景观类型:温带草丛→温带落叶灌丛→温带落叶阔叶林→亚热带针叶林→亚热带和热带山地针叶林→草甸→高寒草甸等植被类型,植物种亦发生相应的变化.