硝基苯、苯胺在湿地土壤不同有机组分中的吸附特征

应用平衡法研究了湿地土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附行为.结果表明,吸附等温线经拟合后均符合Freundlich模型,可决系数分别为R2=0.983～0.997,R2=0.963～0.991(P<0.01,n=5),土壤不同有机组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附表现为非线性特征,其吸附过程与有机质含量和结构有关.硝基苯和苯胺在湿地土壤中的吸附主要受腐殖酸、易氧化有机质组分和脂类化合物的影响,其中腐殖酸对硝基苯和苯胺具有最大的吸附容量;脂类化合物表现为与硝基苯、苯胺竞争土壤有机质结构中的吸附位点,去除脂类化合物后残余物的吸附量增大;矿物组分对硝基苯和苯胺的吸附是次要的,吸附容量仅为2.31mg·kg-1和3.63mg·kg-1.硝基苯和苯胺的Koc值分别按如下顺序增加:碱提取残余物<原始土<过氧化氢氧化残余物<苯/甲醇提取残余物,原始土<苯/甲醇提取残余物<过氧化氢氧化残余物<碱提取残余物.     

Volatile organic compound emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils and their relations to bacterial communities: A laboratory study

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition(5924 ng C/(kg·hr)) was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition(2211 ng C/(kg·hr)). One "peak emission window" appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.     

泉州市表层土中多环芳烃的含量、来源及其生态风险评价

采集了泉州市不同功能区的33个表层土壤（0～10 cm）样品,利用超高效液相色谱系统（UPLC）-荧光检测器法,研究了土壤中15种优控多环芳烃的含量和分布特征,并利用比值法、因子分析和多元线性回归法对其来源进行了分析,以及采用苯并（a）芘的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）评价了土壤中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,土壤中15...     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.     

Ca改性生物炭对土壤磷赋存形态影响及稳定化机制

针对湖库周边农田淹没后土壤磷释放风险控制的问题,采用共热解法制备Ca改性生物炭（Ca-BC）,通过X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）、X射线多晶粉末衍射分析（XRD）、吸附实验和模拟培养实验等,进行Ca-BC 对土壤磷赋存形态影响和稳定化机制研究.结果表明,Ca-BC 吸附磷的过程符合Langmuir（R² = 0.940）和一级吸附动力学模型（R² = 0.961）,表明该吸附过程为化学作用主导的单层吸附,最大吸附量达到267.93 mg·g^-1.模拟培养实验表明,当Ca-BC添加量为1%时,土壤中较活跃性的交换态磷形态从7.42%下降至4.59%. XRD结果表明,Ca-BC吸附磷后出现Ca₃（PO₄）₂和Ca₅（PO₄）₃（OH）吸收峰,证明磷酸盐在生物炭表面形成较稳定的晶体沉淀.XPS分析表明,生物炭表面羰基官能团参与磷固定过程,提高了生物炭对磷的吸附能力.总体来讲,Ca-BC 添加量大于1%时,对磷的释放有较好的固定能力,具备对土壤磷释放控制的潜在应用价值.     

金属矿区周边农田土壤与农作物重金属健康风险评估

为探明金属矿区周边农田土壤与农作物重金属污染特征与人体健康风险,通过对矿区周边农田土壤和农作物进行样品采集并分析测定其Cd、Pb和As等重金属含量,采用地累积指数法、富集系数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法,研究土壤和农作物重金属的污染特征与综合潜在生态风险,采用蒙特卡罗模拟法进行土壤和农作物重金属的健康风险评估.结果表明,凉桥村土壤重金属污染主要是Cd、As和Pb,分别有100%、100%和75%以上土壤样品超过农田土壤筛选值（GB 15618-2018）,农作物中Cd、Pb、As、Cr和Ni这5种重金属的含量,均超标《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762-2017）严重;地累积指数和富集系数表明Cd和As污染严重,综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）普遍高于600,具有极高生态风险,其中Cd、As和Pb贡献最大,贡献率分别为77.8%、14.4%和3.1%.健康风险评估表明,凉桥村居民通过摄入农作物以及误食土壤造成较高的致癌风险（致癌风险>10-6）以及非致癌健康风险（危害商值>1）;蒙特卡罗模拟人群健康风险分析显示,凉桥村土壤重金属污染暴露途径下具有较高致癌与非致癌风...     

再生水构建水环境中沉水植物附着细菌群落特征

沉水植物茎、叶附着生物膜对再生水构建水环境的水质改善具有重要作用.为探究再生水水质及沉水植物种类对附着生物膜细菌群落特征的影响,选取再生水构建的水环境中不同种类沉水植物为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对其附着生物膜及周围环境样本的细菌群落结构和功能基因进行分析.结果表明,再生水水体中氮磷营养物质在水环境中得到了20%~35%的吸收利用,下游水体中COD、浊度和色度呈现升高趋势.沉水植物附着生物膜中细菌群落与周围环境（土壤、底泥和水体）及再生水处理厂活性污泥的细菌群落存在差异：在群落多样性上,其丰富度和多样性显著低于土壤和底泥中细菌但高于水中浮游细菌;在群落结构上,其优势菌属及对应相对丰度与其它样本不同,主要优势菌属有鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）,分别占比7%~40%.沉水植物种类和再生水水质（BOD₅、TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP）均会影响植物附着细菌群落,但水质对附着细菌群落的影响大于植物种类,且水质也会影响沉水植物附着细菌群落功能基因相对丰度,氮磷浓度较高区域氮循环与磷循环功能基因相对丰度较高.研究结果为揭示沉水植物附着细菌群落特征和优选沉水植物种植种类提供科学依据.     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理技术研究

根据处理工艺原理的不同 ,分别介绍生化和物化处理技术、膜处理技术、土地处理技术和蒸发处理技术等处理工艺研究与应用的进展情况 ,同时根据我国填埋场渗滤液的产生特点和处理处置现状 ,展望了我国渗滤液处理工艺的发展趋势。     

宁夏养牛场粪污和周边土壤中抗生素及抗生素抗性基因分布特征

畜禽粪便是抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）重要的储存库.为揭示宁夏肉牛养殖场牛粪和养殖场周边土壤中抗生素及ARGs的分布特征,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法和高通量荧光定量法对不同规模的养牛场进行调查研究.结果表明：①牛粪中优势抗生素为四环素类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类.不同养殖期牛粪中抗生素含量差异显著;育肥前期和哺乳期抗生素含量较高,犊牛期相反.②土壤中以喹诺酮类和四环素类抗生素为主,喹诺酮类抗生素检出率和含量都最高.养殖场对周边土壤中抗生素的分布无影响;施用牛粪的土壤中喹诺酮类和四环素类抗生素含量显著增加.③牛粪中共检测到ARGs亚型79~142种,其中氨基糖苷类ARGs数目最多.育成期ARGs数目最多且相对丰度最高,犊牛期相反.所有养殖期牛粪中共存ARGs是tetQ、ermF和tetO-01.④土壤中ARGs亚型有35~79种,主要是多药类和氨基糖苷类ARGs.养殖场对周边土壤中ARGs的数目和相对丰度无影响;施用牛粪的土壤中ARGs数目和相对丰度都显著高于其他土壤.⑤磺胺类和氯霉素类ARGs在牛粪和土壤中都有水平移动的风险.牛粪中氨基糖苷类和四环素类ARGs相对丰度与其对应抗生素含量呈极显著相关.⑥对牛粪和土壤中各类ARGs相对丰度而言,氨基糖苷类与磺胺类和氯霉素类、可移动遗传元件（mobile genetic elements,MGEs）与氨基糖苷类和磺胺类均呈显著或极显著正相关,而大环内酯类与万古霉素类则呈显著负相关.本研究结果可为肉牛不同养殖期抗生素的使用和牛粪施用等提供理论依据.     

高氟病区茶园土壤氟形态及其分布特征

采用连续化学提取法,测定了黔西北高氟病区茶园土壤样品氟含量及氟的形态.结果表明:供试土壤全氟含量为314~3558mg/kg,平均为945mg/kg,高于全国土壤全氟平均含量(453mg/kg).不同类型供试土壤中全氟含量高低顺序为:棕壤和褐土(分别为1118和1114mg/kg)>黄棕壤(908mg/kg)>黄壤(681mg/kg).供试土壤中不同形态氟含量以残余态最高,其平均含量为940mg/kg;其次为有机束缚态氟,平均含量为7.82mg/kg,处于氟污染较高水平,可能会对人体健康和生态环境产生重要影响;铁锰结合态氟也较高,平均含量3.99mg/kg;水溶态氟和可交换态氟均较低,其平均含量分别为:1.98,1.14mg/kg.由此可见,土壤中氟形态大部分均以残余态形式存在于土壤中,可被茶树叶吸收的水溶态氟和可交换态氟含量均不高.相关性分析表明:可交换态氟只与水溶态氟呈显著正相关关系(r=0.459**),而水溶态氟与铁锰结合态氟、残余态氟和全氟均呈正相关关系(r分别为0.240*, 0.226*, 0.229*), 有机束缚态氟与铁锰结合态氟、残余态氟和全氟也呈正相关关系(r分别为0.757**, 0.312**, 0.320**),水溶态氟与土壤交换性盐基含量之间也呈极显著正相关关系,而土壤氟形态与有机质的相关性不明显,仅有机束缚态氟与土壤有机质呈弱负相关.本研究可为该区域土壤氟污染防治提供科学依据,也为土壤氟的迁移转化及其对生态和环境的影响研究奠定一定的理论基础.