Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic modelling in an individual based context—Consequences of parameter variability

Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models simulate the time-course of toxicant concentration in the organism and toxicity at the level of the organism. A link between TKTD models that simulate survival and individual based models for populations (IBMs) is proposed which allows TKTD parameters to vary between individuals. The TKTD-IBM predicts different survival in response to toxicants when TKTD parameters vary amongst individuals compared to the survival predicted with fixed TKTD parameters. The model with fixed parameters represents the concept of stochastic death whereas the model with variable parameters behaves, at least partly, according to the individual tolerance distribution concept. The whole set of TKTD parameters of an individual can be interpreted as constituting “individual tolerance”.     

圆柏属常绿木本植物δ^13C值的季节变化与抗冷冻性的关系

以祁连圆柏Sabina przewalskii和圆柏Sabina chinensis为材料,研究了圆柏属植物的抗冷冻性与针叶δ^13C值季节变化的关系。结果表明,两种圆柏属植物的δ^13C值均随温度的降低而减小并在整个冬季维持较低水平。表明圆柏属植物为了抵抗低温的伤害,加强了自身能量物质的消耗,即呼吸作用增强,导致植物体内的δ值偏向更负。在整个测定期中,祁连圆柏的δ^13C值都显著高于圆柏的δ^13C值,表明在低温胁迫过程中,圆柏为适应低温、提高其抗冷冻能力所消耗自身能量物质的量远高于祁连圆柏。这与祁连圆柏具有较强的抗冷冻适应性策略一致。此外,两种圆柏属植物碳同位素组成与月均温度表现出极显著的线性相关性,并且与脯氨酸（Pro）质量分数、针叶相对含水量（RWC）也都表现出极显著的线性相关性。因此,碳同位素组成可以作为鉴定圆柏属植物抗冷冻性的又一重要指标。     

耐低温混菌降解苯系物的特性及菌种鉴定研究

以吉化双苯厂被硝基苯、苯系物（BTEX）污染的土壤为菌源,经过筛选驯化得到一组在低温条件（10℃）下可降解苯系物（BTEX）的混菌。室内研究表明,在10℃,pH=6.8,苯系物（BTEX）总质量浓度200mg·L^-1的条件下,84h后该菌对苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的降解率依次为93.2%、95.6%、91%、88.4%、对6种质量浓度的苯系物（BTEX）污染物中最难降解的苯进行降解动力学曲线模拟,当苯质量浓度小于17.48mg·L-1时,降解符合一级降解动力学,当苯的质量浓度为17.48～195.30mg·L^-1时,降解符合零级降解动力学、该混菌降解效果稳定、适应环境能力强,经80次传代后仍能保持良好的降解效果,且在6个不同地区含有不同背景组成的地下水中降解效果稳定、应用Biolog细菌自动鉴定系统和16SrDNA序列分析方法对降解率较高的3株菌B2、B4、B6作菌种鉴定,B2为嗜麦芽糖寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）,B4为斑生假单胞菌（Pseudomonas maculicola）,B6为多刺假单胞菌（Pseudomonas spinosa）。     

“Perceived neighbourhood” and tolerance relations: the case of Arabs and Jews in Jaffa,Israel

This paper examines the complex social reality of mixed ethnic residential areas, as reflected in drawn perceived neighbourhoods of Jews and Arabs living in homogenous and mixed neighbourhoods in Jaffa, Tel Aviv. Through in-depth interviews conducted among 89 Jaffa's residents, it illustrates how different perceptions about the residential area and its residents (including attitudes, emotions, feeling of fear/safety, collective identity and tolerant relations) are reflected in the form, size and consensus area of residents' perceived neighbourhoods. The study finds a clear association between tolerant attitudes and the size and consensus area of the perceived neighbourhoods. Arabs perceive their neighbourhood as significantly larger than Jews do and are characterised by a larger consensus area. These findings are explained by the Arab's strong social cohesion, common national identity, rootedness in Jaffa, as well as by tolerant attitudes towards Jaffa's Jewish population. The study demonstrates the interrelation between the spatial, social and perceptual dimensions associated with the mixed residential area, and illustrates how these dimensions are reflected in drawn perceived neighbourhoods.     

重金属对水生生物的生态毒理效应及生物耐受机制研究进展

近年来,随着国民经济的快速发展,重金属以其特有的性质而被大量的应用于生产生活当中,同时也由于各种原因造成了水体重金属污染现象。水体重金属污染不仅对水生生物的生长和繁殖造成了严重的威胁,同时也威胁到人类的健康。因此,重金属污染具有潜在的生态与健康风险。本文主要概括介绍了重金属对水生植物、动物、微生物的生态毒理效应以及水生生物对重金属的各种耐受机制,展望了重金属对水生生物生态毒理效应的未来研究重点和方向。     

盐胁迫下耐盐与盐敏感水稻的RAPD和POD同工酶检测

对耐盐、一般耐盐和盐敏感３种水稻材料进行了ＲＡＰＤ和同工酶检测,结果发现：３３个引物（Ｎ－１－Ｎ－１２,Ｓ４５０－Ｓ４７０）中,２７个引物具有拉增产物,拉增片段大小分布在０．２－３．４ｋｂ之间,说明在一定程度上反映了３种对盐具有不同耐盐性水稻在基因组ＤＮＡ分子水平上的差异,以Ｓ４５０为引物,在强耐盐的７７９中扩增出１个１．１ｋｂ的特异ＤＮＡ片段（Ｓ４５０１１００）,而在对盐敏感的早花２号中,以Ｎ－     

Pb污染对白菜的生态毒理效应研究（Ecotoxicological Effects of Pb on Brassice rapa）

采用水培方法研究了白菜种子和幼苗对Pb的富集能力与耐受性.实验设6个处理浓度,分别为0.2mg·L-1、0.4mg·L-1、0.8mg·L-1、1.6mg·L-1、3.2mg·L-1及对照,共培养7d,然后测定种子萌发抑制率、茎生长抑制率、根的耐性指数、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量与铅的富集量.研究表明白菜幼苗对高浓度的Pb具有富集能力,根是主要的富集器官,根的最高富集量为75.46mg·L-1.Pb抑制白菜幼苗的营养生长,抑制白菜根的伸长.0.2mg·L-1处理浓度下,Pb促进白菜茎的生长,高浓度的Pb抑制白菜茎的生长.Pb抑制白菜体内叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量.铅影响白菜幼苗的正常生长,白菜对铅具有一定耐受性.     

Soil metal concentrations and productivity of Betula populifolia (gray birch) as measured by field spectrometry and incremental annual growth in an abandoned urban Brownfield in New Jersey

A forested brownfield within Liberty State Park, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA, has soils with arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc and vanadium at concentrations above those considered ambient for the area. Using both satellite imagery and field spectral measurements, this study examines plant productivity at the assemblage and individual specimen level. Longer term growth trends (basal area increase in tree cores) were also studied. Leaf chlorophyll content within the hardwood assemblage showed a threshold model for metal tolerance, decreasing significantly beyond a soil total metal load (TML) of 3.0. Biomass production (calculated with RG - Red/Green Ratio Index) in Betula populifolia (gray birch), the co-dominant tree species, had an inverse relationship with the Zn concentration in leaf tissue during the growing season. Growth of B. populifolia exhibited a significant relationship with TML. Assemblage level NDVI and individual tree NDVI also had significant decreases with increasing TML. Ecosystem function measured as plant production is impaired at a critical soil metal load.     

抗大气复合污染的城市森林植物初步筛选

大气复合污染成为我国最主要的城市病之一.城市森林建设的植物选择除了达到景观要求和色彩效果外,根据各城市需求选择对污染物综合抗性阈值大的树种,成为当今环境污染背景下维持城市森林生态功能可持续发展的保障.综合分析我国常见城市森林537种植物对二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氟化氢、氯气、臭氧和颗粒物这6种大气污染物的吸附吸收能力,并对植物进行抗性赋值和综合因子分析,得出对大气复合污染综合抗性能力较强的树种主要为桑树、侧柏和臭椿等;对大气复合污染综合抗性中等的树种主要为毛白杨、五角枫、圆柏、山桃、垂柳、泡桐和油松等;对大气复合污染综合抗性相对较弱的树种主要为刺槐、加杨、银杏、核桃、悬铃木、栾树、紫薇和连翘等.根据中国南北方各城市气候背景、经济结构和空气污染特点,因地制宜选择对当地主要空气污染物吸收量较大的植物种类,充分发挥城市森林群落对复合空气污染物的最大净化效果.     

Effect of risk aversion on prioritizing conservation projects

Conservation outcomes are uncertain. Agencies making decisions about what threat mitigation actions to take to save which species frequently face the dilemma of whether to invest in actions with high probability of success and guaranteed benefits or to choose projects with a greater risk of failure that might provide higher benefits if they succeed. The answer to this dilemma lies in the decision maker's aversion to risk—their unwillingness to accept uncertain outcomes. Little guidance exists on how risk preferences affect conservation investment priorities. Using a prioritization approach based on cost effectiveness, we compared 2 approaches: a conservative probability threshold approach that excludes investment in projects with a risk of management failure greater than a fixed level, and a variance‐discounting heuristic used in economics that explicitly accounts for risk tolerance and the probabilities of management success and failure. We applied both approaches to prioritizing projects for 700 of New Zealand's threatened species across 8303 management actions. Both decision makers’ risk tolerance and our choice of approach to dealing with risk preferences drove the prioritization solution (i.e., the species selected for management). Use of a probability threshold minimized uncertainty, but more expensive projects were selected than with variance discounting, which maximized expected benefits by selecting the management of species with higher extinction risk and higher conservation value. Explicitly incorporating risk preferences within the decision making process reduced the number of species expected to be safe from extinction because lower risk tolerance resulted in more species being excluded from management, but the approach allowed decision makers to choose a level of acceptable risk that fit with their ability to accommodate failure. We argue for transparency in risk tolerance and recommend that decision makers accept risk in an adaptive management framework to maximize benefits and avoid potential extinctions due to inefficient allocation of limited resources. El Efecto de la Aversión de Riesgo sobre la Priorización de Proyectos de Conservación