Rapid assessment of management options for promoting stock rebuilding in data-poor species under climate change

The development of species recovery plans requires considering likely outcomes of different management interventions, but the complicating effects of climate change are rarely evaluated. We examined how qualitative network models (QNMs) can be deployed to support decision making when data, time, and funding limitations restrict use of more demanding quantitative methods. We used QNMs to evaluate management interventions intended to promote the rebuilding of a collapsed stock of blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) (BKC) around the Pribilof Islands (eastern Bering Sea) to determine how their potential efficacy may change under climate change. Based on stakeholder input and a literature review, we constructed a QNM that described the life cycle of BKC, key ecological interactions, potential climate-change impacts, relative interaction strengths, and uncertainty in terms of interaction strengths and link presence. We performed sensitivity analyses to identify key sources of prediction uncertainty. Under a scenario of no climate change, predicted increases in BKC were reliable only when stock enhancement was implemented in a BKC hatchery-program scenario. However, when climate change was accounted for, the intervention could not counteract its adverse impacts, which had an overall negative effect on BKC. The remaining management scenarios related to changes in fishing effort on BKC predators. For those scenarios, BKC outcomes were unreliable, but climate change further decreased the probability of observing recovery. Including information on relative interaction strengths increased the likelihood of predicting positive outcomes for BKC approximately 5–50% under the management scenarios. The largest gains in prediction precision will be made by reducing uncertainty associated with ecological interactions between adult BKC and red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). Qualitative network models are useful options when data are limited, but they remain underutilized in conservation.     

发电机定子冷却水管路堵塞的原因分析及处理

利用FLAC模拟了不同岩石峰后脆性条件下圆形巷道围岩的破坏区分布及能量释放规律。在计算中,采用了应变软化本构关系及"先加载,后挖洞"方式。模拟结果表明,随着峰后脆性的增加,围岩中发生破坏的单元变多,释放的弹性应变能总量增加,巷道围岩越来越难于再次达到平衡状态;尽管在一些算例中出现了沿环向发展的破坏区,但是不认为这与分区破裂化现象有关;难于采用二维的滑移线或破坏特征线解释分区破裂化现象。围岩分区破裂化现象的研究可从三维连续介质模型的空间局部化视角出发,亦可从二维颗粒体模型的颗粒相互作用机制视角出发,这两种思路都引入了二维连续介质模型中不具备的因素。     

气升式环流生物膜反应器硝化反硝化除磷过程的研究

针对反硝化聚磷菌的生物学特性,设计并制作了硝化反硝化除磷气升式环流生物膜反应器,并就其对生活污水的脱氮、脱碳和除磷过程进行了试验.试验结果表明,当进水COD为309.8 mg/L、NH4 -N为116.0 mg/L、PO34-P为10.5 mg/L时,它们的去除率分别为95.3%、94.6%和73.1%.通过间歇试验表明该反应器可以实现反硝化除磷.     

Community Experiments Using Benthic Chambers: Microbial Significance in Highly Organic Enriched Sediments

The structure of the benthic microbial loop was studied in order to understand heterotrophic pathways in the suboxic sediments of the Rapallo Harbour in autumn, 1996. Sediments were characterized by the large accumulation of organic detritus (17.2 - 21.4 μg chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE)g^-1; carbohydrates and proteins: 7.8-16.7 and 6.7-7.5 mg g^-1). Due to the high organic load, benthic bacteria and protozoa displayed extremely high densities (1.4 × 10⁹ cells g^-1 and 26.9 × 10⁵ cells g^-1). Meiofauna, protozoa and bacteria showed an approximate biomass ratio of 1:2:20. the presence of large amounts of organic matter appeared to determine a shift of the benthic size structure toward the increasing dominance of the smaller components of the benthic food webs. These data indicate that the sediments of the Rapallo Harbour were dominated by microbial biomasses to a larger extent than in non-food limited environments, characterized by a lower organic contamination. On the results presented in this study, the microbial dominance in highly organic enriched sediments can be explained with: (1) a reduction of the top-down control and grazing pressure of meio- and macrofauna on the microbial components; (2) the opportunistic composition and high metabolic activity of the microbial components.     

新型内循环生物流化床处理豆制品废水研究

对采用射流曝气的新型内循环三相生物流化床处理豆制品废水进行了研究。结果表明 :间歇运行时 ,当循环水浓度在 30 0 0～ 4 0 0 0mg/L、循环流量在 10 0～ 2 0 0L/h之间 ,曝气量在 4 0～ 6 0L/h时 ,COD去除率可达到 95 %以上 ,去除容积负荷达到 10kg/m3 ·d以上 ;连续运行时 ,在进水流量 10 0L/h、COD <4 0 0mg/L时 ,出水COD可以达标     

用内循环式生物系统处理炼油废水

采用内循环式生物系统处理炼油废水，以内循环式水解酸化反应器、好氧流化床、模块化设计的生物接触氧化池作为生物反应器进行中试试验。在进水COD为1231．0mg／L、温度为45℃、水力停留时间为23．1～52．0h的条件下，COD去除率稳定在83．9％以上；在进水COD为296．9mg／L时，可通过切换至低负荷的模块化工艺使出水水质达标。该系统对一定范围内的水力负荷和有机负荷的冲击均有较好的缓冲能力和灵活处理能力。     

PATTERNS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A COASTAL ALASKA STREAM1

Suspended sediment data from a 154 ha watershed on northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska, were collected over three fall storm seasons from 1980 to 1982. Sediment rating curves for nine pooled storms explained less than 34 percent of the variation in total suspended solids (TSS). Significantly higher concentrations of suspended sediment occurred during the rising limb of storm hydrographs than for similar flows on the falling limb, accounting for hysteresis loops in TSS versus streamflow plots for individual storms. These hysteresis loops were wider during early season storms, indicating that easily transportable fine sediment may have been flushed from the upper portion of channel banks and from behind large organic debris during early season peak flows. Regression relationships (TSS versus Q) developed for the highest stormflows (> 1 m³/s) had steeper slopes than the lower stormflows (< 1 m³/s). Turbidity correlated well (r=0.94) with TSS for all storm-flow data combined. Organic matter constituted an average of 35 percent (by weight) of TSS for all water quality samples.     

新型内构件内循环三相流化床流体力学和氧传质特性的研究

对一种导流筒内置静态混合元件的改进型内循环三相流化床 (MITFB)的流体力学和氧传质特性进行了试验研究。结果表明 :相对于普通流化床 (CITFB) ,MITFB上升区气体含率增大 1 8— 3 7倍 ,体积氧转移系数KLa和氧转移效率EA 值平均增大 72 5 % ;而液体循环流量则减小了 2 5 6 %— 37 0 %。上升区气含率和液体循环流速可分别用Fan公式和Chisti公式预测 ,并求出了相应的参数     

气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器降解2,4-二氯酚的研究

从以2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)长期驯化的好氧活性污泥中分离出一株以2,4-DCP为唯一碳源的菌种,将这种菌固定在气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器内,研究了此反应器在半连续流运行时,对2,4-DCP单基质及其与苯酚共基质时对污染物的降解情况及降解动力学.结果表明,2,4-DCP单基质时,反应器对氯酚的去除效果随着实验次数的增加而加快;2,4-DCP与苯酚共基质时,苯酚的降解速率随着半连续流实验次数的增加而加快,而氯酚的降解速率则表现出下降的趋势.此外,还研究了此反应器在连续流运行时对2,4-DCP的降解,水