Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

横向风对油池火烧试验的影响

以模拟包装容器的油池火烧试验为例,利用FLUENT计算流体动力学模拟软件,对不同风速条件下直径为3 m的煤油池火灾进行三维定常模拟,获得了风速大小与火焰倾角和火焰锋面的变化关系,并拟合出了火焰倾角随风速变化的简化公式;分析了横向风对包装容器周围火焰热辐射通量分布产生的影响,验证了风速低于2 m/s对包装容器火烧试验不会产生较大影响的结论,对包装容器耐火特性试验的开展具有实际指导意义。     

合肥城郊典型农田溪流水系统沉积物磷形态及释放风险分析

2014年10月(秋季)和2015年4月(春季),针对巢湖二十埠河流域某一典型农业源头溪流水系统,就水塘、支流、干流和深潭等4种溪流构成模式,分别采集17、16、14和13份表层沉积物样.在分析测试的基础上,解析沉积物的磷形态及其季节性变化特征;并以多元统计分析技术,对4种构成模式开展聚类分析和差异性分析;通过对沉积物磷吸附指数PSI的计算和相关性分析,定量评估磷素释放风险,识别主要影响因素.结果表明:1溪流水系统沉积物TP含量变化范围为137.517~1 709.229 mg·kg-1,均值为532.245 mg·kg-1,各形态磷的平均含量高低排序为:IP(350.347 mg·kg-1)OP(167.333mg·kg-1)Fe/Al-P(78.869 mg·kg-1)Ca-P(56.343 mg·kg-1)Ex-P(6.609 mg·kg-1);2 4种构成模式中,各形态磷含量均表现出相同的变化趋势,即深潭干流支流水塘;3秋季时干流和深潭聚为一类、支流和水塘为另一类,春季时则干流、支流和深潭归为同一类;4方差分析表明,秋季时溪流不同构成模式之间的差异性指标更多;5沉积物PSI变化范围为24.49~69.94(mg·L-1)·(100 g·μmol)-1,且春季低于秋季,说明春季的磷素释放风险更高一些;6 PSI与Ex-P、IP和p H呈显著或极显著负相关性.     

矿区塌陷塘营养状况及相关分析

选择了不同塌陷年龄的煤矿塌陷塘,测试水的环境状况指标,得出的结果是：矿区塌陷塘都受到了不同程度的污染.水中主要营养元素含量较高,叶绿素含量随季节变化明显,且不同塌陷塘之间差别也较大.对主要营养指标及营养状况进行了相关分析 ,为塌陷塘的开发利用提供了一定的理论基础.     

秸秆还田条件下农田系统碳循环研究进展

秸秆还田是农田生态系统的固碳减排的一种措施,现已成为国内外学者研究的热点。本文在分析农田系统碳循环流通的基础上,将系统划分为土壤、植物和大气3个子系统,对秸秆还田条件下各个子系统中碳的流动变化情况进行讨论。在土壤子系统中,秸秆还田对土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤矿化碳、土壤微生物碳（MBC）的变化都有作用。秸秆还田的初期可能会降低微生物利用碳源的能力,影响群落物种分布的均匀度,致使作物对碳、氮利用率下降;然而,长期的效应仍会增加土壤微生物的多样性和活性。研究亦认为秸秆还田特别是与有机肥配合使用,能够提高土壤有机碳的含量;对土壤有机碳矿化具有明显促进作用,但是对土壤原有的有机碳矿化影响尚不清楚。秸秆还田在植物子系统中的影响主要集中在植物光合碳变化。已有的研究表明秸秆还田对作物光合作用的影响表现为正效应;然而根际碳流通的变化尚不清楚。在大气子系统中,秸秆还田能够增强旱地耕作土壤的呼吸作用,促进CO2的排放;而淹水条件下,秸秆还田使土壤有机碳矿化受到了明显抑制,对CO2没有明显影响。与此类似,淹水条件促进CH4排放,排水良好可以减少CH4的释放。事实上对CH4的排放而言,水份的影响可能比秸秆还田所产生的影响更大。笔者认为秸秆还田后土壤有机碳流通变化机理,及根际碳的流通变化影响仍有待进一步解析。其次,农业机械使用所产生的 CO2气体在研究秸秆还田模式时也应被考虑在内。除此之外,秸秆还田这种减排措施（CO2）的减排潜力、适宜应用的区域、可能的协同作用和一些限制及不利因素还没有得到确切的评估,实施过程中应考虑社会和经济层面上的因素。     

保护性耕作对土壤养分及有机碳库的影响

以稻草覆盖免耕方式稻田冬种马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)为例,研究了保护性耕作对土壤养分以及有机碳库的影响.结果表明:保护性耕作能显著增加表层土层的养分含量,土壤氮素含量比传统耕作增加0.81%～7.24%,磷素含量增加14.95%～19.21%,钾素含量增加0.57%～15.40%,且全氮、全磷、全钾含量与传统耕作之间均达到了极显著差异水平,除碱解氮含量与传统耕作之间差异不显著外,速效磷与速效钾含量与传统耕作之间达到了显著差异水平与极显著差异水平;保护性耕作能增加土壤总有机碳与活性有机碳含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,0～10 cm土层土壤的碳库管理指数分别比传统耕作高出9.10%、13.95%,10～20 cm土层则比传统耕作略低.因此保护性耕作能使土壤朝着有利于土壤质量提高的方向发展.两个保护性耕作处理:免耕稻草覆盖(8 cm)、免耕覆盖稻草(8 cm)后盖黑色地膜之间差异不大.     

Improvement in the prediction of gasoline pool fire behaviour: CFD modelling and validation

The development and implementation of mathematical models through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques has been acknowledged as a promising tool for the prediction of hydrocarbon pool fires behaviours. In this sense, different approaches, with different assumptions and simplifications, and accounting for different phenomena, have been developed in the literature. However, the deviations in the predictions of the experimentally determined parameters, such as temperatures profiles, flame heights and radiative heat flux, by the implemented models are still high. Therefore, the implementation of these models to predict combustion phenomena and flame behaviours for various scenarios is limited. In this work, the software C3D is used to model gasoline pool fires of different diameters, and under different wind conditions, in order to improve the quality of the predictions of the flame behaviour. The modelled cases correspond to the experimental studies reported in literature. The results from the implemented model show an improved predictive quality when compared with other modelling works reported on literature for the same experimental cases. The deviations in the time averaged temperature, flame height, surface emissive power and radiative heat flux, has been calculated to be 5.0%, 0.05%, 6.32% and 3.82%, respectively.     

Resource allocation in transboundary tuna fisheries: A global analysis

Resource allocation is a fundamental and challenging component of common pool resource governance, particularly transboundary fisheries. We highlight the growing importance of allocation in fisheries governance, comparing approaches of the five tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs). We find all tRFMOs except one have defined resources for allocation and outlined principles to guide allocation based on equity, citizenship, and legitimacy. However, all fall short of applying these principles in assigning fish resources. Most tRFMOs rely on historical catch or effort, while equity principles rarely determine dedicated rights. Further, the current system of annual negotiations reduces certainty, trust, and transparency, counteracting many benefits asserted by rights-based management proponents. We suggest one means of gaining traction may be to shift conversations from allocative rights toward weighting of principles already identified by most tRFMOs. Incorporating principles into resource allocation remains a major opportunity, with important implications for current and future access to fish.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01371-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Design principles and common pool resource management: an institutional approach to evaluating community management in semi-arid Tanzania

This paper analyses the role of institutions in the management of common pool resources (CPRs) in semi-arid Tanzania. Common property regimes have often been considered inadequate for the management of CPRs because of the problems of excludability, but they are becoming more widely supported as the way forward to overcome the problems of resource use and degradation in developing countries. A series of design principles for long enduring common property institutions have been proposed by Ostrom, but there is concern that they are not applicable to a wide range of real life situations or that they may be specific to certain types of CPR. Here, we compare these principles to the situation prevailing in 12 villages in six districts in semi-arid Tanzania. Data on management institutions were collected through semi-structured interviews and meetings at district and village level. The combined information was used to make a qualitative assessment of the strength with which each design principle appeared to operate in the management of forest, pasture and water resources. Boundaries, conflict and negotiation in CPR management are of key importance in semi-arid regions. However, the need for flexibility in order to deal with ecological uncertainty means that many management institutions would be considered weak or absent according to the design principle approach. This supports the view that the design principles should not be used as a 'blueprint to be imposed on resource management regimes' rather that they provide a framework for investigating common property regimes with the proviso that, certainly for semi-arid regions, they may highlight where management cannot be explained by institutional theory alone.     

Conservation Success as a Function of Good Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures and Processes

How to create and adjust governing institutions so that they align (fit) with complex ecosystem processes and structures across scales is an issue of increasing concern in conservation. It is argued that lack of such social‐ecological fit makes governance and conservation difficult, yet progress in explicitly defining and rigorously testing what constitutes a good fit has been limited. We used a novel modeling approach and data from case studies of fishery and forest conservation to empirically test presumed relationships between conservation outcomes and certain patterns of alignment of social‐ecological interdependences. Our approach made it possible to analyze conservation outcome on a systems level while also providing information on how individual actors are positioned in the complex web of social‐ecological interdependencies. We found that when actors who shared resources were also socially linked, conservation at the level of the whole social‐ecological system was positively affected. When the scales at which individual actors used resources and the scale at which ecological resources were interconnected to other ecological resources were aligned through tightened feedback loops, conservation outcome was better than when they were not aligned. The analysis of individual actors’ positions in the web of social‐ecological interdependencies was helpful in understanding why a system has a certain level of social‐ecological fit. Results of analysis of positions showed that different actors contributed in very different ways to achieve a certain fit and revealed some underlying difference between the actors, for example in terms of actors’ varying rights to access and use different ecological resources. El Éxito de la Conservación como Función de una Buena Alineación de Estructuras y Procesos Sociales y Ecológicos