Toward a delineation of the circumstances in which cooperation can be sustained in environmental and resource problems

Play in standard laboratory Public Good games suggests that on average, humans are quite prone to cooperate. Yet cooperation is often absent in real world social dilemmas, including many environmental problems. We propose that this discrepancy arises because in the Public Good game, the worst freeriders can do is to not contribute to the public account, while in many real world environmental situations freeriders can even appropriate contributions made by others before the public good is produced. We introduce the Claim Game that modifies the Public Good game by allowing for appropriating the contributions of others before the public good is produced. The impact of such possible takings on public good production is dramatic. No public good is produced, not even in the initial stages of interaction. We link our findings to the relevance of common pool games for modeling environmental problems, and stress the need to experimentally test environmental institutions within harsher social dilemmas than the standard Public Good game.     

江西省某冶炼厂遗留尾砂场重金属污染特征

以江西省某冶炼厂生产过程中遗留在厂内各尾砂池中的废渣为研究对象,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法相结合的方法对其重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明:各尾砂池土壤中铜、锌、镍、砷超标倍数高,且除尾砂池2深层土壤外,其他样点重金属内梅罗综合污染指数均远大于1,显示各尾砂池土壤均为重污染土壤。     

喀斯特地区植被恢复下土壤活性有机碳与碳库管理指数的演变特征

植被恢复通过改变碳输入和转化速率,影响陆地生态系统的碳循环.为探明喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中土壤活性有机碳组分与碳库管理指数的演变特征,以喀斯特地区草地序列（5、10、15和20 a）、灌木序列（5、10、15和20 a）和园地序列（5、10和15 a）土壤为研究对象,以相邻农田为对照（CK）,分析了不同植被恢复年限对土壤有机碳（SOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC₃₃₃、ROC₁₆₇和ROC₃₃,即能被333、167和33 mmol·L^-1 KMnO₄氧化的土壤活性有机碳）、微生物量碳（MBC）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）及碳库管理指数（CPMI）演变的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,0~40 cm土层草地、灌木和园地序列平均SOC含量分别增加了70.77%、114.40%和50.17%.在0~20 cm土层,随恢复年限增加,草地序列和园地序列的SOC含量呈先升后降势态,灌木序列呈先升后降再升势态,ROC₃₃₃、ROC₁₆₇和ROC₃₃与对应序列的SOC变化势态一致;在20~40 cm土层,各序列的ROC₃₃₃、ROC₁₆₇和ROC₃₃与对应序列的SOC的变化势态不一致.在0~40 cm土层,草地序列MBC含量呈先降后升再降势态,各土层MBC最大值均在G15;灌木序列在0~10 cm土层为先升后降再升势态,在10~40 cm土层为先升后降势态;园地序列在0~30 cm土层为先升后降势态,在30~40 cm土层为逐渐升高势态.3个序列K_os大致呈先降后升再降势态,L和LI与K_os相反;CPI呈先升后降势态;草地和园地序列的碳库管理指数（CPMI）呈先升后降势态,而灌木序列CPMI的则呈先升后降再升势态.SOC、ROC₃₃₃、ROC₁₆₇、ROC₃₃和MBC含量及K_os的年增长量大小为：灌木>草地>园地,DOC和CPMI的年增长量大小为：园地>草地>灌木.3个序列SOC及其组分含量均总体随土层增加而降低,具有明显的表聚性.冗余分析结果显示碱解氮（AN）是影响喀斯特地区植被恢复下土壤活性有机碳组分和土壤有机碳库的主要环境因子.综上,土壤活性有机碳组分和CPMI随植被恢复时间发生演变,不同植被恢复均能一定程度地提高喀斯特地区SOC及其组分含量,灌木恢复促进SOC的积累.     

施用无害化污泥影响土壤碳库组分和碳库管理指数的演变

以小麦-玉米轮作体系下的沙质潮土为研究对象,选用经无害化处理后符合国家标准且在推荐量范围内的商业化污泥产品,通过2013~2015年田间定位试验,研究无害化污泥施用对沙质潮土土壤碳库组分和碳库管理指数的影响,为无害化污泥资源化利用提供理论和技术依据.结果表明,与不施无害化污泥处理(CK)相比,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(SMBC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)施用污泥各处理分别显著增加到了8.40~14.74 g·kg-1、164.45~257.45 mg·kg-1、3.58~4.88 g·kg-1和81.16~101.58 mg·kg-1(P0.05),其中各活性有机碳组分SMBC、LOC和DOC分别显著提高了84.00%~188.07%,26.26%~58.03%和109.58%~185.39%(P0.05),其中45 t·hm~(-2)污泥(W3)处理提升效果最明显;施污泥各处理土壤微生物量熵(SMBC/TOC)和易氧化有机碳有效率(LOC/TOC)均有升高趋势,提高范围分别为8.02%~2.77%和13.75%~46.48%,土壤可溶性有机碳有效率(DOC/TOC)施污泥各处理分别显著降低了17.06%~40.94%(P0.05),并且随污泥施用量的增大,SMBC/TOC、LOC/TOC和DOC/TOC呈下降趋势,说明施用45 t·hm~(-2)污泥增大了土壤中稳定态碳含量,导致其比值降低;施污泥各处理土壤碳库活度(L)和碳库指数(LI)随污泥施用量增大而降低,说明施用45 t·hm~(-2)污泥其土壤稳定态碳含量高,有利于沙质潮土土壤有机碳的积累;施污泥各处理土壤碳库管理指数(CMPI)显著提高了153.45%~195.40%,其中W3处理提升效果最为明显;通过相关性分析及冗余分析得出,用CMPI来表征土壤肥力的变化比用TOC更灵敏、直接,能更好地反映出土壤养分及碳库的动态变化.综上,施用15~45 t·hm~(-2)污泥可以显著提高沙质潮土土壤活性碳库各组分含量和碳库管理指数,尤以施用45 t·hm~(-2)(W3)污泥效果最为显著.     

Keep swimming but stop peeing in the pools

正Swimming is excellent exercise and offers many health benefits.However,the"chlorine smell"in swimming pools may be a turn-off for some people.Although this smell is often thought to be of chlorine,it actually comes from volatile compounds that are produced from unintended reactions between disinfectants(e.g.,chlorine)and organic matter in     

农田溪流人工深潭地貌格局暂态存储特征分析

2015年11月~2016年2月,以NaCl为示踪剂,在巢湖流域某一农田源头溪流开展了5次野外示踪试验,并据此计算溪流的物理特征参数和暂态存储指标;通过对深潭渠段与平直渠段相关指标的比较,解析人工深潭地貌格局的暂态存储特征.结果表明:1人工深潭地貌格局渠段A_s/A基本都较平直渠段更高,但其交换系数α却较平直渠段低一个数量级;2人工深潭地貌格局的暂态存储对于溶质滞留的影响较平直渠段大,但其流动水体的溶质滞留能力则较平直渠段弱;3尽管深潭地貌格局拥有相对较大的A_s/A比值,但对溶质运移转化的综合影响却低于平直渠段;4人工深潭的暂态存储指标F200med可以解释18.86%~26.05%的溶质行进时间,平直渠段可以解释5.28%~33.87%,且大部分情况下平直渠段都较深潭渠段更高;5深潭地貌格局与平直渠段在φ_w、φ_A和T_s方面差异明显,而在其他指标方面则区别不显著.     

秸秆还田配施石灰对酸性水稻土有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响

为探明稻秆还田配施石灰对酸性水稻土有机碳库的影响,于广东省白云区和惠阳区开展田间试验,设置常规施肥（CK）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（RS）和秸秆还田配施石灰+常规施肥（RS+L）这3个处理,分析了土壤总有机碳（TOC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）、活性有机碳（LOC）、颗粒态有机碳（POC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、碳库指数（CPI）、稳定性有机碳（IOC）、碳库活度（L）、碳库活度指数（CPAI）和碳库管理指数（CPMI）的变化.结果表明,与CK相比,RS+L处理显著提高TOC、LOC、POC和MBC含量,增幅分别为10.24%~17.79%、34.49%~44.37%、19.27%~23.59%和33.36%~43.26%（P<0.05）.与CK相比,RS+L处理显著提高水稻生长前期（移栽后15~45 d期间）的DOC含量（P<0.05）,但对水稻生长后期的DOC无显著影响.RS+L较RS处理的TOC、LOC、POC和MBC分别提高了2.15%~6.95%、1.17%~17.90%、4.27%~8.65%和12.99%~14.53%.与CK相比,RS+L处理显著提高IOC和CPI,其增幅分别为8.32%~15.57%和14.00%~20.00%（P<0.05）.RS较CK处理显著提高CPI,其增幅为14.00%~18.00%（P<0.05）.不同处理间的L、CPAI和CPMI差异不显著.RS+L处理的土壤pH值显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）.不同处理间的水稻产量无差异.主成分分析结果表明,水稻产量主要与DOC、LOC、CPAI和CPMI相关,但对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数变化的贡献率较低.主成分分析还表明,秸秆还田配施石灰通过改善酸性水稻土的pH值和养分含量,驱动MBC和POC等有机碳组分的形成和积累,促进SOC的提升.综上,秸秆还田配施石灰有利于酸性水稻土MBC、POC、LOC和IOC等有机碳组分的积累,从而提高土壤总有机碳含量和稳定性,是提升酸性水稻土固碳减排功能的有效途径.     

渤海湾盆地垦东凸起油源对比与成藏条件研究

根据垦东凸起原油及其周围生油凹陷烃源岩的色谱、色质等多种地球化学分析结果 ,确认了桩东凹陷沙三段是其最重要的油源凹陷 ,来自桩东凹陷的石油资源占该凸起总资源的四分之三以上 ,其次为沾化凹陷孤南洼陷和莱州湾凹陷 ,而青东凹陷的贡献很小。通过已知油藏分布的控制因素分析 ,总结了该区石油成藏条件及其富集高产原因 ,预测了油藏分布规律 ,指出了有利勘探方向。垦东凸起油源对比及成藏条件研究成果对渤海湾盆地其它类似地区的高凸起成藏研究具有一定的参考价值     

Institutional design in transformation: A comparative study of local irrigation governance in Uzbekistan

The irrigation sector constitutes the backbone of Uzbekistan's economy, providing social and economic stability in the region. The sector collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union, due to worsening of infrastructure conditions causing tensions among resource users. Subsequent irrigation management reforms were implemented in a top-down manner. More than a decade after the initial reforms – which established local Water Consumers Association (WCA) and transferred operation and maintenance responsibilities for on-farm irrigation canals – the poor performance of these associations is still apparent, illustrating the heritage of the strong role of state agencies in Uzbek water management that still affects collective irrigation management today. This paper identifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for successfully managing common pool resources (CPRs) and, more specifically, irrigation canal maintenance in the rural Bukhara region of Uzbekistan. Fifteen WCAs were examined regarding conditions that may facilitate successful irrigation canal maintenance. Methods involved focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with the associations concerned. Data gathered was analyzed using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. The results indicate that two paths of local factors can lead to well-maintained irrigation canals: (1) the combination of appropriate chairmanship skills with sustainable resource appropriation or (2) the combination of appropriate chairmanship skills with the presence of effective participatory governance. The results also illustrate the role of path-dependence and traditional co-production of irrigation management in Uzbekistan.     

市政污水处理厂事故水池设计及配套应急响应措施

与普通工矿企业的污水处理系统相比,市政污水处理系统规模大、源头广,其配套的事故水池不仅容积大,投资高,而且控制难。本文从动态管理角度,提出了一种市政污水处理厂事故水池的设计方法以及配套应急响应措施,既能有效发挥事故水池的作用,遏制环境事故,又能减少事故水池容积,节省占地与投资。