Modeling a sustainable Saudi Arabian economy: the real issues

This paper develops a macroeconomic framework for creating a competitive and sustainable Saudi Arabian economy, taking into account the interrelationships among social, environmental, and economic factors. The objective of the research is to build a model that will allow for evaluating the effects of a wide range of emissions abatement policies on economic growth and development. The research methodology is grounded in econometric modeling of the Saudi economy over the period 1980–2010. The estimated parameters of the model were used to project long-term gross domestic product (GDP) growth paths based on three environmental degradation abatement scenarios. The results suggest that the sustainability of economic growth in Saudi Arabia critically depends on aggressive emissions-reduction policies since policy scenarios corresponding to higher pollution cuts yielded higher, sustained long-term GDP. The results also broadly reject the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, implying that a turning point in the relationship between CO₂ emissions and per capita GDP is yet to be attained.     

良种补贴政策的环境效应研究

以小麦良种补贴政策为例,将单位面积化肥施用量作为环境效应评估的代理变量,基于市级农业数据构建了双重差分模型,量化了政策实施导致的单位面积化肥施用量的变化,进而评估化肥施用量变化导致的农户种植成本、温室气体排放和社会碳成本的变化.结果表明,该政策实施使单位面积化肥施用量下降了5.9%,农户种植成本减少了139.42元/hm²,温室气体排放减少了822.06kg CO₂e/hm²,社会碳成本减少了301.91元/hm²,充分补偿了良种补贴的财政支出.建议未来农业补贴政策的制定、改进及推广应充分考虑其潜在的环境影响,以加强农业增产和环境效益的协同.     

组合措施下政府与企业排污行为演化博弈

为研究排污企业应对不同惩罚和补贴组合措施的行为策略，将演化博弈理论与系统动力学方法结合，构建基于政府与排污企业双方的演化博弈模型.以政府和排污企业双方利益为核心，对其在不同惩罚和补贴措施下的企业行为策略和演化稳定性进行分析.结果显示，在静态惩罚补贴措施下，政府和企业策略行为无法达到演化稳定点，政府静态政策不会对企业合法排污行为产生推动作用.在动态惩罚补贴措施下，动态惩罚和动态补贴措施对推动企业合法排污行为更为有效，政府可根据排污企业行为制定双边动态策略.     

组合措施下政府与企业排污行为演化博弈

为研究排污企业应对不同惩罚和补贴组合措施的行为策略,将演化博弈理论与系统动力学方法结合,构建基于政府与排污企业双方的演化博弈模型.以政府和排污企业双方利益为核心,对其在不同惩罚和补贴措施下的企业行为策略和演化稳定性进行分析.结果显示,在静态惩罚补贴措施下,政府和企业策略行为无法达到演化稳定点,政府静态政策不会对企业合法排污行为产生推动作用.在动态惩罚补贴措施下,动态惩罚和动态补贴措施对推动企业合法排污行为更为有效,政府可根据排污企业行为制定双边动态策略.     

DISTRIBUTIONAL ISSUES IN WESTERN MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY1

ABSTRACT Financing and repayment provisions of western water projects effect transfers of income among federal taxpayers, electric power users, local water users, and property owners. We use the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project as a case study in the distribution of municipal and industrial water costs. We examine the distribution of costs among taxpayers and water users in different political/geographical jurisdictions, and how this distribution is affected by water law, cost allocation procedures, and the choice of revenue source for local repayment of reimbursable costs. In light of the magnitude of distributional effects of present water policy, we conclude that lack of open debate on water issues is unfortunate. We conclude with speculation on the relationship of western water policy to the motivation of western water leaders who are instrumental in its formulation     

Intraspecific competition and high food availability are associated with insular gigantism in a lizard

Resource availability, competition, and predation commonly drive body size evolution. We assess the impact of high food availability and the consequent increased intraspecific competition, as expressed by tail injuries and cannibalism, on body size in Skyros wall lizards (Podarcis gaigeae). Lizard populations on islets surrounding Skyros (Aegean Sea) all have fewer predators and competitors than on Skyros but differ in the numbers of nesting seabirds. We predicted the following: (1) the presence of breeding seabirds (providing nutrients) will increase lizard population densities; (2) dense lizard populations will experience stronger intraspecific competition; and (3) such aggression, will be associated with larger average body size. We found a positive correlation between seabird and lizard densities. Cannibalism and tail injuries were considerably higher in dense populations. Increases in cannibalism and tail loss were associated with large body sizes. Adult cannibalism on juveniles may select for rapid growth, fuelled by high food abundance, setting thus the stage for the evolution of gigantism.     

基于补贴视角的农村户用沼气池成本效益评价：以湘潭市新月村为例

文章利用成本效益分析法对湖南湘潭市新月村农户建造沼气池的财务及经济效益进行了评价。实证研究表明：第一,建造沼气池从农户财务角度和社会经济角度都是可行的;第二,对于未获补贴户,经济内部收益率也要大于财务内部收益率,说明了政府补贴的必要性。第三,对于获补贴户,经济净收益现值仍要大于财务净收益现值,说明政府补贴量远远不足以补偿沼气池带来的正外部性。第四,环境收入敏感性分析说明其对经济净收益现值的边际效果很大,因此政府还应加大补贴标准。     

1953-2016年中国粮食补贴政策分析

粮食补贴政策是确保粮食增产、农民增收和国家粮食安全的重要举措。论文分3个阶段系统梳理和分析了1953-2016年期间实施的粮食补贴政策特点和演变趋势,分4个环节即粮食生产、加工、存储、销售环节分析了补贴政策的时空变化,总结提炼了目前粮食补贴政策存在的问题,以期为我国粮食补贴政策的制定提供参考。分析表明,我国粮食补贴的形式、对象、范围和目标等在起步阶段（1953-1978年）、探索调整阶段（1979-2003年）和改革发展阶段（2004-2016年）变化明显,补贴资金投入逐年增长且表现出显著的区域差异性;补贴政策逐渐向粮食主产区、经济相对发达的地区倾斜。目前我国粮食补贴政策存在的问题主要体现在补贴效果和目标的差距、补贴对象和范围的核定、补贴结构以及补贴政策的影响力和农户的认知度等方面。研究以期为完善粮食补贴政策制定和提高政策实施效果起到借鉴作用。     

补贴流向与耕地保护经济补偿政策农户满意度绩效——以成都市耕地保护基金为例

从农户满意度绩效出发,在理论分析基础上提出相关研究假说,并基于全国率先探索耕地保护基金的成都市的实地调研数据,利用ordered probit模型,实证检验了耕地保护补贴流向对耕地保护经济补偿政策农户满意度的影响。研究结果表明:(1)转出土地的农户比转入土地或未流转土地的农户对耕地保护经济补偿政策有更高的满意度。土地转出行为使农民对补偿政策"非常不满意"、"不满意"和"一般"的概率分别下降0.3%、4.8%和11%,并使农民对补偿政策"满意"和"非常满意"的概率分别上升14.4%和1.7%。(2)土地转入行为则使农民对补偿政策"非常不满意"、"不满意"和"一般"的概率分别上升9.3%、35.4%和0.7%,并使农民对补偿政策"满意"和"非常满意"的概率分别下降42.9%和2.6%。为提高耕地保护经济补偿政策农户满意度绩效,政府应合理分配有限的耕地保护补贴资金,补贴资金应优先向土地转入户倾斜,提高实际上在承担耕地保护责任的土地转入户保护耕地的积极性。     

射频识别技术在废弃电器电子产品处理审核中的应用

自2012年以来,中国建立了废弃电器电子产品处理基金制度,通过补贴支持废弃电器电子产品的规范处理。相关政策明确要求加强废弃电器电子产品拆解处理的环保核查和数量审核,防止补贴资金骗补行为的发生。介绍了中国目前废弃电器电子产品基金审核的方式及存在的问题,并提出了构建物联网、应用射频识别(RFID)技术的解决方案,可以实现废弃电器电子产品的实际拆解过程与虚拟数据信息管理系统的无缝对接,从而有效改进基金审核的效果。