An analysis of indirect water withdrawal and consumption due to electricity and workers in automotive manufacturing facilities

Abstract

Water is a key resource for all life. Recent droughts have also exemplified the importance for manufacturers to understand their impact on water resources. While most manufacturers typically know the amount of water they use in their facilities, they have little knowledge about the indirect effects they have on water resources. In this paper, the indirect impact from the automakers’ electricity use and work force on water resources is examined. Water withdrawal and consumption from electricity use by hypothetical but representative facilities around the world is quantified and analysed. Water withdrawal by the workers is also quantified and analysed. The results indicate that the water withdrawal and consumption by the workforce and caused by the use of electricity is larger than the direct water use and consumption in the facilities themselves.     

汽车内饰件的自然暴晒试验

本文主要阐述汽车内饰件自然暴晒试验方法：IP／DP箱试验和整车暴晒试验。汽车内部材料的耐用性是影响使用满意程度的极其重要的因素,所以汽车内饰材料需要一个模拟其在具体使用过程中的自然条件的试验,以便观察汽车内饰件在老化过程中的性能变化。     

汽车模拟日照太阳辐射试验设备研制

本文根据汽车整车太阳辐射试验的要求,介绍了自主设计的基于红外线灯泡阵列的无紫外线汽车模拟太阳辐射试验设备的总体方案,并重点讨论了在光源、电气控制等各方面的设计思路及具体实现过程。     

生物质成型燃料锅炉挥发性有机物排放特征

以5台燃成型生物质燃料锅炉为研究对象,基于预浓缩-GC-MS/FID的测量方法,对成型生物质燃烧产生的烟气进行了挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征研究,同时还测定颗粒物、NO_x、SO_2和汞及其化合物的排放浓度.结果表明,5台锅炉所排放的SO_2和汞及其化合物均低于排放标准要求,而氮氧化物和颗粒物的排放存在高于国标排放限值现象.56种VOCs总质量浓度在(872.43±293.80)~(6 929.66±1 137.25)μg·m~(-3)之间,影响因素分析表明VOCs浓度与炉膛中心温度及负荷有较强负相关性.VOCs的排放中烯烃占比最大,达41%~59%,其次是烷烃和芳香烃,分别为27%~49%和6%~18%.烯烃的排放以乙烯、1-丁烯、顺-2-丁烯和1-己烯为主,烷烃以正己烷、异戊烷和环戊烷为主,芳香烃则以苯和甲苯为主.臭氧生成潜势采用最大增量反应活性法进行分析,5台锅炉的臭氧生成潜势贡献主要来自于烯烃,高达76%~90%,而烷烃也可占6%~19%.     

含氧生物质燃料的生命周期评价

为公正评价汽车代用燃料的能耗与环境效益,运用生命周期评价方法,研究了在燃料中分别添加不同比例的乙醇和甲酯2种生物质,带来的生命周期能耗和污染物排放变化,并对含氧生物质燃料的未来情景进行了预测分析.结果表明:乙醇代用燃料未降低化石燃料消耗,甲酯代用燃料可降低约20%的化石燃料消耗;几种配比的代用燃料均可降低石油消耗,甲酯代用燃料降低的趋势更加明显;各种代用燃料的温室气体排放都比较严重;乙醇代用燃料增加了NO_x排放,而甲酯代用燃料可降低约50%的NO_x排放;乙醇和甲酯的加入均能降低车用阶段的PM₁₀排放;燃料生产阶段的SO₂排放在整个生命周期中约占80%,必须严格控制;甲酯代用燃料可降低VOC排放.     

我国木器涂料及汽车涂料中挥发性有机物特征

目前,工业源有机溶剂相关的实测型研究在我国鲜见报道,为摸清我国工业源有机溶剂挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)含量及物种情况,提供建立我国工业源有机溶剂使用源排放清单所需的排放因子,选取我国用量均高居全球第一的木器涂料及汽车涂料开展研究.通过到企业采样及市场购买等途径获取涂料样品,按国内涂料相关标准检测方法进行测定,获取涂料中VOCs含量及成分谱,并计算其臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential, OFP).结果表明,在木器涂料中,溶剂型、水性和光固化(ultra-violet, UV)涂料的平均VOCs含量(质量分数)分别为37.28%、 9.88%和18.02%.汽车涂料中,水性原厂漆、溶剂型原厂漆、水性修补漆和溶剂型修补漆的平均VOCs含量分别为15.06%、 59.90%、 11.79%和54.50%.不同种类的涂料VOCs含量差异巨大.水性涂料的主要组分及OFP贡献者为醇醚类,溶剂型涂料的为苯系物及酯类,UV涂料的为酯类和醇醚类.涂料样品的均值均可满足现行强制性国家标准,但存在12%的溶剂型木器涂料样品和42...     

Experimental investigation of wood combustion in a fixed bed with hot air

Waste combustion on a grate with energy recovery is an important pillar of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in the Netherlands. In MSW incinerators fresh waste stacked on a grate enters the combustion chamber, heats up by radiation from the flame above the layer and ignition occurs. Typically, the reaction zone starts at the top of the waste layer and propagates downwards, producing heat for drying and devolatilization of the fresh waste below it until the ignition front reaches the grate. The control of this process is mainly based on empiricism.MSW is a highly inhomogeneous fuel with continuous fluctuating moisture content, heating value and chemical composition. The resulting process fluctuations may cause process control difficulties, fouling and corrosion issues, extra maintenance, and unplanned stops. In the new concept the fuel layer is ignited by means of preheated air (T > 220 °C) from below without any external ignition source. As a result a combustion front will be formed close to the grate and will propagate upwards. That is why this approach is denoted by upward combustion.Experimental research has been carried out in a batch reactor with height of 4.55 m, an inner diameter of 200 mm and a fuel layer height up to 1 m. Due to a high quality two-layer insulation adiabatic conditions can be assumed. The primary air can be preheated up to 350 °C, and the secondary air is distributed via nozzles above the waste layer. During the experiments, temperatures along the height of the reactor, gas composition and total weight decrease are continuously monitored. The influence of the primary air speed, fuel moisture and inert content on the combustion characteristics (ignition rate, combustion rate, ignition front speed and temperature of the reaction zone) is evaluated.The upward combustion concept decouples the drying, devolatilization and burnout phase. In this way the moisture and inert content of the waste have almost no influence on the combustion process. In this paper an experimental comparison between conventional and reversed combustion is presented.     

机动车代用燃料的尾气污染分析

通过对机动车代用燃料的ＣＯ、ＮＯＸ、ＨＣ及烟度等排放情况的分析，指出代用燃料在减轻机动车尾气污染、保护城市环境方面一般有着较好的表现，认为大力发展代用燃料是提高城市大气环境质量的有效途径。     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料 ,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况 ,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的 4 0 0MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势     

美国汽车清洁燃料研究发展

本文简要介绍了美国汽车清洁燃料和汽油替代燃料的研究和发展状况，内容涉及美国政府对发展汽车清洁燃料的战略、政策、立法和有关发展计划，清洁燃料的类型和种类及应用情况，以及存在的主要问题和未来的发展方向。