生物柴油的研究与应用

生物柴油作为一种可再生能源，可以由动植物油脂通过转酯化反应来制备，它在燃料特性方面与矿物柴油有着十分相似的品质，因此使用生物柴油无须对现有的柴油发动机做任何改造，以生物柴油为燃料的机动车尾气中不含硫氧化物，排出的总颗粒物、总ＨＣ和ＣＯ的量分别是矿物柴油的３０％、４０％和５０％。生物柴油的热效率比矿物柴油高５％～８％，而两者在发动机输出功率上并没有太大的差异。     

生命周期方法在天然气基汽车燃料评价中的运用

运用生命周期评价方法,对以天然气为原料生产压缩天然气、甲醇、二甲醚、柴油4种汽车代用燃料系统进行生命周期的能源、环境和经济评价,评价结果是：压缩天然气系统生命周期内的能耗相对少,总成本相对低,对生态环境更友好,压缩天然气是富含天然气地区一段时期内汽车代用燃料的优先选择．     

Cars and fuels for tomorrow: a comparative assessment

Light duty vehicles, i.e. passenger cars and light trucks, account for approximately half of global transportation energy demand and, thus, a major share of carbon dioxide and other emissions from the transport sector. Energy consumption in the transport sector is expected to grow in the future, especially in developing countries. Cars with alternative powertrains to internal combustion engines (notably battery, hybrid and fuel-cell powertrains), in combination with potentially low carbon electricity or alternative fuels (notably hydrogen and methanol), can reduce energy demand by at least 50%, and carbon dioxide and regulated emissions much further. This article presents a comparative technical and economic assessment of promising future fuel/vehicle combinations. There are several promising technologies but no obvious winners. However, the electric drivetrain is a common denominator in the alternative powertrains and continued cost reductions are important for widespread deployment in future vehicles. Development paths from current fossil fuel based systems to future carbon-neutral supply systems appear to be flexible and a gradual phasing-in of new powertrains and carbon-neutral fluid fuels or electricity is technically possible. Technology development drivers and vehicle manufacturers are found mainly in industrialised countries, but developing countries represent a growing market and may have an increasingly important role in shaping the future.     

Combining Psychophysical Measures of Discomfort and Electromyography for the Evaluation of a New Automotive Seating Concept

The purpose of this study was to determine if the advantages and disadvantages of a new automotive seating concept, known as the micro-adjuster control system, could be reliably evaluated using both a physiological assessment technique (i.e., electromyography [EMG]) and a subjective questionnaire. The results indicate that psychophysical measures of discomfort and the root mean squared (RMS) activity of the EMG are statistically related, r (8) = ?.788, p = .020. More specifically, subjective perceptions of comfort were found to improve with decreasing levels of muscle activity. This implies that seat comfort can be evaluated on the basis of physiological as well as subjective responses to prolonged driving. This finding should drastically improve automobile seat design efforts.     

激励电压对汽车碰撞试验传感器输出的影响分析

碰撞试验中,假人及传感器组成数据采集系统的第一部分,输出的数据反映了冲击环境中模拟人体的生物力学响应。因此,最终的数据结果非常重要。传感器激励电压的不同,产生的热量也不同。碰撞试验中使用的传感器数量达200多个,因此假人体内会因激励电压产生较大的热量,从而产生温度误差,最终引起数据的不准确。因此,在碰撞试验中,要确保假人体内温度与标准符合;要求传感器标定电压与数据采集输入的激励电压一致。     

Exhaust Emissions from a Gas-fuelled S.I. Engine

Attempts to improve engine performance are often accompanied by increased emissions. An effective approach to reduce emissions without necessarily a significant penalty in fuel economy is through operating S.I. engines on a range of gaseous fuels, and either leaning the operating mixture or diluting it with some exhaust gases.

The emission characteristics of an engine operated in turn on CH₄, H₂, CO and some of their mixtures are examined experimentally. The role of changes in some key factors affecting the production of the pollutants CO, NOx and unburned hydrocarbons were investigated. Guidelines for reducing the undesirable emissions are outlined.     

城市间运输货车行驶工况构建与应用

为研究城市间运输货车行驶工况特性与典型工况构建方法。运用车载数据采集系统采集了在珠三角区域城市间运输的货运车辆行驶车速等瞬态数据。基于13个工况特征参数解析工况特性,运用运动学片段理论将工况速度数据分成284个工况片,基于主成分分析和聚类分析法将工况片分成5类,选出12片代表工况片,按工况片平均速度从小到大的顺序排列,再将工况时长等比例压缩至1 800 s后最终构建出典型行驶工况。构建工况与实测样本的各项特征参数符合度大于80%,结果表明提出的典型工况构建方法可行,构建工况符合城市间货运车辆实际运行特性。构建工况的最大车速为80 km/h,主要分布在60~80 km/h,C-WTVC工况在0~90 km/h较均匀分布,平均车速为41.0 km/h,较构建工况低15.8%。基于构建工况进行重型货车排放性能仿真测算,得出CO_(2e)排放因子为764.81 g/km,较C-WTVC工况测算值低10.97%,表明运行工况不同导致碳排放测算值有较大差异。     

大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全监控预警系统设计

大型石油、天然气、成品油,易燃易爆,储罐群区危险物质存量大,极易引起灾难性的事故发生。如何在经济高速发展过程中保证安全,是安全生产急需解决的技术难题。本文系统设计面向大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全管理工作的实际需要,兼顾罐区安全管理、实时监控预警及应急救援等多方面的工作,设计一套技术先进、运行成熟、操作简单、扩展性好、容易维护和使用方便的油品储罐区安全监控预警系统,实现大型油气储罐区安全管控一体化,确保大型油气储罐的生产安全和社会安全发展。     

钙钛矿型复合氧化物用于汽车尾气催化净化的研究进展(一)

综述了钙钛矿型汽车催化剂的研究进展.和过渡金属简单氧化物相比,钙钛矿型复合氧化物(ABO3)在热稳定性、化学稳定性和结构稳定性方面具有一定的优越性,因而表现出更高的催化活性.在满足容限因子的条件下,有多种元素可以形成钙钛矿结构的化合物.通常,B位离子决定了钙钛矿型化合物的催化活性,A位离子是影响化合物结构和B位离子价态的重要因素.当A位离子或B位离子被不同价态的离子取代时,通过形成氧离子空穴或者形成混合价态来保持化合物的电中性.氧空穴的形成或B位离子价态的变化使得化合物具有更高的活性.贵金属和钙钛矿型化合物结合,不仅可以有效防止贵金属的烧结,同时也提高了钙钛矿型化合物的催化活性.     

多功能水质分析仪中COD替代试剂的研制

为了降低COD测定成本,减小试剂污染,介绍了一种测定量程为0～1 500 mg/L的HACHCOD替代试剂.重点讨论了组分配比、标准曲线、消解管磨损等因素对测定结果的影响,并提出一系列提高测定质量,减少测定误差的措施.该替代试剂配比为0.5 mL 1/6 K2Cr2O7 (1.00 mol/L) 2.5 mL 1% H2SO4-Ag2SO4 0.04 g HgSO4,在组成上接近于HACH原装试剂,使用内置程序测定的误差介于2.79%～5%之间,使用对应的程序测定误差为0.23%～2.64%.实验证明,与HACH原装试剂、传统重铬酸钾法相比,该替代试剂在测定准确度方面无明显差异,3种方法的平均变异系数分别为1.87%、2.37%和3.71%,测定精密度满足要求, t 均小于 t 0.95,测定结果准确可靠.经济技术比较显示替代试剂具有操作简单,成本低,污染小,适合批量测定等优势.单个样品的平均测定成本仅为0.78 元.