汽车生命周期全过程存在的环境问题及解决措施

介绍了汽车全生命周期过程产生的污染物情况并提出解决问题的措施,以减少对环境造成的影响。汽车制造、运行、报废的生命周期过程中,每一个环节都涉及到环境问题,当汽车数量增加到一定程度,其制造、运行、招废后各阶段所产生的污染物可能会超出有限的环境所能承受的容量,将给人们的生活环境造成巨大困扰。     

生物质燃料的产品性能、生产工艺与效益的初步分析

提出了利用牛粪、秸秆生产生物质燃料的工艺、设备与效益分析.     

Detection of incipient self-ignition process in solid fuels through gas emissions methodology

The aim of this study is to propose an experimental methodology to detect incipient self-ignition processes in solid fuels. This methodology is based on the gases emissions of different solid fuels, varying the degree of compaction and the grain size of the materials. To achieve this goal, a procedure for the collection and analysis of the gases emitted by samples of various fuels has been developed, analysing the temperatures at which these emissions begin. The results obtained for different materials show that it is possible to detect incipient spontaneous combustion processes using measurements of CO and CO₂ emissions during heating process, and then to set alarm thresholds based on the concentrations of these gases. Those results have been compared with results from conventional thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry tests and it is shown that the proposed methodology detect the self-ignition process start point in advance.     

Effect of solvent on the hydrothermal liquefaction of macro algae Ulva fasciata

Hydrothermal liquefaction is an attractive approach for the conversion of aquatic biomass like algae as it does not require the energy intensive drying steps. The objective of the study is to understand the effect of various solvents (H₂O, CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH) on product distribution and nature of products of hydrothermal liquefaction of macro algae Ulva fasciata (MAUF). Hydrothermal liquefaction of MAUF was performed using subcritical H₂O (300 °C) as well as supercritical organic solvents CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH (300 °C). The use of alcoholic solvents significantly increased the bio-oil yield. The bio-oil yield was 44% and 40% in case of liquefaction with CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH respectively whereas the bio-oil yield was 11% with H₂O. Use of alcoholic solvents converted the acids obtained in bio-oil to the corresponding methyl and ethyl esters. ¹H NMR data showed that use of alcoholic solvents (C₂H₅OH and CH₃OH) increased aliphatic content of bio-oil1 (ether/methanol/ethanol fraction). FTIR and SEM results showed the difference in the bio residue obtained using alcoholic solvents and H₂O. The results showed that liquefaction with supercritical alcohols is an effective way to produce functional hydrocarbons for chemical feedstock.     

On the effectiveness of mitigation strategies for cryogenic applications

The need for sustainable energy sources, as well as the current energetic crisis involving the majority of markets, has promoted the use of cryogenic liquefaction for the transportation and storage of natural gas (i.e., LNG). To guarantee the development of a robust and safe infrastructure, a complete understanding of the main phenomena occurring at low temperatures is paramount. In this sense, the largest grey areas are the characterization of the combustion at low-initial temperature and the interactions between water and cryogenic liquid. For these reasons, this work presents an experimental campaign on the possible mitigation strategies for the mitigation of consequences related to the accidental release of LNG. Particular emphasis was posed on the direct and indirect effects of water on cryogenic pool fire. The former resulted in a significant increase in the dimensions of fire (∼+50%) and burning rate (∼300%) with respect to the case with no direct contact between water and LNG, whereas the latter generated an abrupt decrease in the measured temperatures (<100 °C). The use of an emergency flare to empty an LNG tank was tested, as well. The spatial distribution of temperature was monitored along with the time to guarantee the safe operability of this equipment in the case of LNG combustion. The explanations for the observed phenomena and trends were provided, allowing for the development of safe procedures for the emergency response related to cryogenic fuels.     

负载型汽车尾气催化剂简介

本文就近年来对负载型汽车尾气催化剂的研究进展进行综述,侧重说明其组成配方,性能的影响因素,及相关的结构研究。讨论了催化剂制备工艺,添加剂的作用,催化剂种类,催化剂失活原因和表征方法     

甲基叔丁基醚的研究进展

甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)用作汽油添加剂具有很多优点,但由于MTBE本身的性质,决定了其对生态环境也有一定的影响。介绍了MTBE的基本性质、国内外生产概况、制备工艺、对环境的潜在危害及替代品等。     

汽车电子装置相关振动试验分析

本文针对汽车振动环境的特殊性,分析了其对汽车电子装置的主要影响;进一步介绍了几种主要的振动试验方法,并结合汽车电子装置相关标准对振动试验进行了探讨.     

自配消解液分光光度法测定污水中的COD

以自配消解液代替ThermoFisher公司AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液,比较了自配消解液分光光度法与国家标准重铬酸钾法(GB 11914-1989)测定化学需氧量(COD)的差异。对比试验表明,自配消解液分光光度法测定COD的结果精确度和准确度高,与国家标准方法无显著性差异。自配消解液分光光度法测定水样COD值的相对标准偏差;低量程(30～150 mg/L)为1.38%～2.53%,中量程(0～1 500 mg/L)为0.47%～3.63%,高量程（2 000～15 000 mg/L）为0.17%～3.53%,在国家标准方法测试水样COD值的允许误差范围内。除制革废水外,自配消解液可以代替AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液,适用不同量程范围内污水COD的测定。自配消解液分光光度法具有试剂使用量少、速度快、经济、二次污染小等优点,值得在环境科学领域及废水水质监测中推广应用。     

民用固体燃料源的IVOCs排放特征及燃烧温度的影响

中等挥发性有机物(intermediate-volatility organic compounds,IVOCs)是近年备受关注的二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物,但目前急需包括民用固体燃料燃烧在内的源排放数据.本文选择两种成熟度不同的烟煤(灵武煤和徐州煤)和两种生物质(稻秆和松木)为研究对象,结合石英管式炉和稀释通道开展7个温度点(300～900℃,以100℃为间隔)的燃烧实验,采集和分析烟气中的IVOCs,探讨煤和生物质燃烧的IVOCs排放因子、组成以及燃烧温度的影响.结果表明,生物质燃烧的IVOCs平均排放因子[(483±182) mg·kg-1]比烟煤[(190±108) mg·kg-1]高2. 5倍;组成方面,生物质和煤的IVOCs均以剩余UCM占主导[分别为(81±11)%和(68±6)%],而生物质排放的正构及支链烷烃占比明显低于烟煤,但芳香烃略高;燃烧温度对两类燃料的影响存在显著区别:烟煤(以灵武煤为例)的IVOCs在500℃[(340±113) mg·kg-1]比900℃[(63±15)mg·kg-1]高5. 4倍,而生物质在400～500℃和800～900℃时呈现两个含量相当的峰值;随着燃烧温度提升,松木IVOCs中芳香烃的占比从1%增加到29%,剩余UCM则从92%降低到61%,烟煤的变化幅度则很小.进一步结合校正燃烧效率对两类燃料和燃烧温度影响IVOCs排放的机理进行了解释.