两株氢噬胞菌的萘降解特性分析

对两株分离自内蒙古乌梁素海的氢噬胞菌X32和X12的培养条件和萘降解特性进行研究。实验结果表明:菌株X32和X12的最适生长pH为7.0,最适生长温度为30~35℃,最适盐度w(NaCl)为1%;当初始萘质量浓度为3 500 mg/L时,对数生长期的菌株X32对萘的降解活性可达53.9 nmol/(mg·min),而菌株X12可达34.8 nmol/(mg·min);菌株X32在培养48 h后进入稳定期,60 h时萘降解率达91.43%;菌株X12在培养60 h后进入稳定期,90 h时萘降解率达93.93%。氢噬胞菌X32和X12是两株具有较高应用价值的多环芳烃降解细菌。     

反萃取双波长光度法测定水中微量酚类和芳胺

研究了乙醚萃取,１０％ＮａＯＨ溶液和１０％ＨＣｌ溶液反萃取,４－氨基安替吡啉（４－ＡＡＰ）双波长光度法同时测定污水中酚类和芳胺含量的分析方法。提高了测定灵敏度,有效地消作多种干扰物质的干扰,可测定０．００３－６．０ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１的酚类和０．０００８－０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１的芳胺加标回收率,苯酚１０１％￣１０８％,苯胺９６％￣１０７％。酚类测定与国标的相对误差≤６．５％,芳胺类测定结果与相应国标法的误     

难降解有机物生物抑制特性的研究

对杂环化合物及多环芳烃的好氧生物降解抑制特性研究结果表明：咔唑、联苯等５种物质具有类似的抑制特性,表现在急性持久抑制及抑制强度大２方面,其抑制机理为不逆抑制;喹啉、吲哚等５种物质在高浓度时对苯酚的降解产生明显的初期抑制,历经诱导期,恢复期,最后进入正常降解期,其抑制机理为可逆抑制,萘的抑制属于竞争性抑制范畴。     

芳烃化合物水溶解度的测定与估算

提出用色谱相对比保留体积（V_g（r））和分子连接世指数二元参数估算芳烃化合物水溶解度（Sw）。为此,测定了13种芳烃化合物在9种麦克雷诺常数（Mc）固定相上的V_g（r）,用振荡法测定其Sw,计算它们的一阶项分子连接性指数（¹X）和二阶项分子连接性指数（²X）,建立了9种固定相的,1_g¹X与1gSw（方程Ⅰ型）和2S与1gSW（方程Ⅱ型）的二元回归方程。F检验表明,回归方程总体高度显著相关。用上述两方程估算不同芳烃1gSw,估算值与实例值吻合较好,相对误差分别为4.1％和3.7％。用方程（Ⅱ）型估算同一芳烃,标准偏差0.036。误差分析表明由V_g（r）估算Sw方程的相关性不受固定相极性的影响,可方便地选择固定相。     

焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃分布特征及淋洗粒级分割点确定

土壤粒径分布和污染物在不同粒级土壤中的分布特征是污染土壤淋洗可处理性的重要依据,淋洗粒级分割点则是淋洗工艺的重要参数.根据土壤异位淋洗的技术要求,在焦化厂污染场地进行了采样,测定了土样的粒径分布曲线及不同粒级土壤中美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的初始浓度,并采用Tween 80和Triton X-100溶液对不同粒级污染土样进行了振荡清洗实验.结果表明,16种PAHs在6个粒级中的总浓度在6.27～40.18 mg/kg范围,呈双峰分布模式,单个PAH污染物的最高浓度大多出现在250～500 μm的颗粒中, 50～75 μm的颗粒中污染物浓度最低;PAHs去除率与其初始浓度及土壤特性有关,初始浓度越低,去除率越高,粗颗粒中由于有机碳含量较高,PAHs去除效率反而低于细颗粒.根据清洗效果并从废物减量化角度出发,确定以50 μm作为土壤淋洗的粒级分割点,这样减容率可以达到82.95％.     

Contaminant Exposure of Barn Swallows Nesting on Bayou D'Inde, Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana, USA

Current and historical point source discharges, storm water runoff, and accidental spills have contaminated the water, sediment, and biota within the Calcasieu Estuary in southwestern Louisiana. In 2003, barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) eggs and nestlings were collected beneath two bridges that cross Bayou d′Inde, the most contaminated waterway within the Calcasieu Estuary. Samples were also collected from a bridge over Bayou Teche, a reference site in south central Louisiana. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestlings were significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d′Inde (2.8 μ g/g PCBs in eggs and 1.5 μ g/g PCBs in nestlings) than at the other two sites (< 0.2 μ g/g PCBs in eggs and nestlings at both sites). Ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity in nestling livers was significantly higher at the downstream site on Bayou d′Inde (50 pmol/min/mg) compared to the other two locations (24 pmol/min/mg, each), probably because of exposure to PCBs. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran concentrations in eggs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in nestlings were at background concentrations at all sites. Trace element concentrations in barn swallow eggs and nestling livers were at background levels and did not differ among the three sites. A biomarker of DNA damage did not differ among sites.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of naphthalene and 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene on naupliar and adult stages of the marine cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae

Short-term (24 h) exposure experiments have been conducted to determine the effects of two environmental relevant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene (NAPH) and dimethylnaphthalene (C2-NAPH), on the naupliar and adult stages of the marine cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae. To resemble more realistic conditions, those exposure experiments were conducted under the presence of food. The naupliar stages evidenced lower tolerance to PAH exposure regarding narcotic and lethal effects than adults. Copepod feeding activity showed to be very sensitive to the presence of the studied PAHs, detrimental effects occurring at toxic concentrations ca. 2-3 fold lower than for narcotic effects. In addition we report PAH-mediated changes in cell size and growth rate of the prey item, the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, that could indirectly affect copepod feeding and help explain hormesis-like responses in our feeding experiments.     

南京市典型工业区耕地中多环芳烃源解析

多环芳烃作为重要的环境激素类物质,对环境和人类健康具有严重危害而受到人们的广泛重视。选择南京市某一大型钢铁集团周边耕地土壤为研究对象,对研究区域内多环芳烃（PAHs）残留量进行调查,并对其污染来源进行解析,为该区域土壤PAHs的综合防治提供参考依据。结果表明：PAHs总残留量范围为312.2~27 580.9 ng/g,且以4环以上多环芳烃组分为主。单一污染物以芘、屈、荧蒽、苯并［a］芘、蒽、菲、苯并［a］蒽、苯并［k］荧蒽、茚并［1,2,3 cd］芘、苯并［g,h,i］苝为主。不同样区土壤PAHs残留量受常年风向影响明显。推测工业区的气体性排放物是本研究区域土壤中PAHs的主要来源。大气沉降可能是导致本研究区PAHs污染的重要途径之一。另外,地表径流、固体废弃物排放、生活燃煤等导致部分采样点含量较高。在对下风向区域中距中心污染源不同距离采样点PAHs含量分析时发现,高环PAHs总量总体表现出随污染源距离的增加,污染程度递减的规律。在对多环芳烃源成分谱轮廓特征的分析基础上,利用各种参数,从分子量优势度、环数相对丰度、特征指数等方面,分别对各区域土壤中多环芳烃来源进行比较分析,据此推断,四区域PAHs污染均在不同程度上受化石的燃烧所致,但各区域的PAHs污染源不同。钢铁企业内的炼焦厂是该区域多环芳烃主要污染源之一.     

红枫湖地表水中多环芳烃的分布及来源

将固相微萃取与气相色谱联用,对贵阳红枫湖水样中16种美国环境保护署优控的多环芳烃进行分析。结果表明：红枫湖水中16种多环芳烃总量为0167 1~0336 4 μg/L,与国内其它水系相比,湖中存在多环芳烃轻度污染。7种（萘、荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝）多环芳烃的总量未超出中国城市供水行业对多环芳烃规定的限值,但作为饮用水源,红枫湖水中的苯并(a)芘含量已超出我国标准GB3838-2002中生活饮用水地表水源地的苯并(a)芘限值,并且苯并(a)蒽、〖JX-*9〗〖SX（B-25x〗〖HT7,5”〗艹〖〗〖HT6”,5”〗屈〖HT5”〗〖SX）〗〖JX*9〗、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘的含量也超过了美国环境保护署地表水水质标准限值。通过多环芳烃特征参数的比值,分析了红枫湖水中多环芳烃的污染来源。污染源分析表明,湖中多环芳烃的主要来源为燃烧源,包括木材、煤以及化石燃料的燃烧,同时也有一部分多环芳烃是来源石油类物质的输入.     

SPME/HPLC 对水中多环芳烃的定量分析

应用ＳＰＭＥ／ＨＰＬＣ,通过对水中５种多环芳烃的确定,得到了吸附量／吸附时间和解吸量／解吸时间的关系,并在吸附时间和解吸时间一定的条件下,测定了５种多环芳烃的响应值与浓度的线性关系,重现性及加标回收率（７６％－１１１％）。