超声处理对提取苦杏仁挥发油的研究

研究了超声处理对提取苦杏仁挥发油的影响。结果表明,超声处理有利于提高苦杏仁挥发油的得率,在所选取的范围内随功率和时间的增加而提高;通过正交实验确定影响挥发油得率的因素从大到小依次为超声功率、物料细度、pH和处理时间,确定最优工艺组合是物料细度为80目;在pH值为5的提取液中浸泡后,超声功率为100W处理30min。经分析,超声处理得到挥发油样品的主要成分是苯甲醛。     

Sedimentary Record of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea)

To reconstruct a history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in the Gulf of Trieste, one of the largest urbanized areas in the Adriatic Sea, we analyzed three long sediment cores collected between 1996 and 1997. Concentrations of total PAHs, the sum of 16 PAH compounds and six of their methylated analogues, in all three cores show a decrease from 600–800 ng g⁻¹, at the surface, to levels below 250 ng g⁻¹ in deepest layers (down to 3 m). The same trend was shown with separate representative pyrogenic PAHs (pyrene, benzofluoranthene and phenanthrene). Using Hg as a recent geochronological tracer, we observe an increasing input of PAHs since the beginning of the 20th Century and, especially, after the Second World War coinciding with increasing industrialization and urbanization of the region. This correlation is supported by PAH ratios that are indication of combustion processes and represent a marker for anthropogenic inputs. No correlation exists between PAHs and black carbon within the core profiles, indicating two different fractions of the ‘black carbon continuum’.     

Sampling of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with semipermeable membrane devices

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are nowadays used as passive samplers of organic pollutants. The knowledge of the sampling rate values (R_S) of each substance trapped on membranes is necessary to calculate their average concentration. Here we calculate R_S values for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using the comparison of active sampling method results and the amounts sequestered by SPMDs at varying exposure times.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment, Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organized by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic.     

Spatial and Temporal Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles in Remote European Lakes

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been measured in the dated sediment cores of 10 remote lakes distributed across Europe. The geographic trends were evaluated by examination of the superficial sediment fluxes and total sediment inventories. The highest levels of both markers were observed in the Eastern European lakes whereas the minimal values corresponded to the lake located in the Arctic. However, this SCP-PAH correlation was not observed after exclusion of the end member lakes from the series. The temporal trends of both pollutant markers are consistent with the history of pyrolytic emissions over Europe. However, the downcore SCP distributions are shorter than the PAH profiles in nearly all lakes. The differences are probably related to the different size particle fractions involved in the measurement of each marker, >5 and >1 m for SCP and PAH, respectively. Thus, the two proxies probably reflect pollution inputs from closer (SCP) and more distant sites (PAH).     

大气中多环芳烃气固相分配与颗粒物粒径的关系

采集了2005年5月16日～6月3日上海市桃浦地区气相样品、TSP样品及不同粒径的颗粒物样品.用GC-MS对各样品中美国EPA规定优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)做了定量分析.结果表明,大气中PAHs的气固相分配系数(KP)和各物质的过冷饱和蒸气压(pl⁰)呈良好的线性相关.多元线性回归分析表明,PAHs的气固相分配受颗粒物粒径大小的影响,粒径越大,对PAHs的气固相分配影响越大;过冷饱和蒸气压越高,气固相分配越易受到粒径大小的影响.     

杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及来源

对杭州湾潮滩表层沉积物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs总含量范围为45.78～849.93ng/g.PAHs的空间分布总体呈现钱塘江杭州河段>杭州湾南岸>杭州湾北岸.PAHs含量分布与有机碳(TOC)含量存在良好的线性关系,受人类活动和水动力条件的影响较大.样品中PAHs的燃烧来源所占的比重较大,呈现出油料燃烧与木材、煤燃烧的混合污染来源特征.该地区表层沉积物样品中的PAHs尚未对生物造成显著的负面影响.     

生态毒理学研究中分子构效相关的应用

分子定量构效相关(QSAR)理论方法是当前生态毒理学研究领域发展的重要方向和前沿,QSAR法运用多种数学模式和化合物特征表示参数,系统地探究化合物的生态毒理学机制,进行分子水平的综合研究。笔者系统阐述并应用目前生态毒理学研究中采用的分子构效新方法,对取代芳烃类等典型有机物的生态毒理学效应进行了举证性预测研究。      

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near New England coastal waters

Wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured at Nahant, Massachusetts, a peninsula jutting into Massachusetts Bay and Wolf Neck, a peninsula jutting into Casco Bay, Maine. Wet deposition (rain and snow) was collected in a funnel which drains into a shielded, temperature controlled receiving bottle. Dry deposition of gaseous and particulate PAHs was collected onto an exposed water surface. PAHs were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen PAH species were analyzed, ranging from acenaphthylene to coronene. The mean wet deposition rate of the sum of the 16 species is 720 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Nahant, and 831 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Wolf Neck. Wet deposition is attributed to regional PAH emitting sources. Storm patterns appear to bring somewhat higher wet deposition of PAHs to Wolf Neck than to Nahant. The mean dry deposition rate is 95 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Nahant and 9.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Wolf Neck. The large difference is attributed to the fact that Nahant is close to the urban-industrial metropolitan Boston area and Logan International Airport, whereas Wolf Neck has no major PAH-emitting sources nearby. Individual measurements have an error bracket of ±30%. The Chemical Mass Balance model was used to apportion the dry deposition to source categories. At Nahant, nine samples gave valid statistical attributes with a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 35%, gasoline fueled vehicles 32%, diesel fueled vehicles 17%, wood combustion 13%, others 3%. At Wolf Neck, six samples yielded a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 30%, gasoline vehicles 28%, diesel vehicles 18%, wood combustion 16%, others 8%. There is a considerable variation between the samples. The apportionment is greatly dependent on the quality and selection of the model inputs, i.e. source signatures, which for PAHs are questionable.     

扎龙湿地沉积物垂向剖面中多环芳烃分布特征

对扎龙湿地核心区沉积物分层取样,以正己烷/二氯甲烷为提取剂,用超声波方法提取沉积物中16种优控PAHs,采用GC/MS法定量分析w(PAHs). 结果表明,扎龙湿地剖面沉积物中2环和3环PAHs占PAHs总量的86%以上,4环以上的PAHs所占比例较小. 在各层沉积物中含量较高的萘、菲、芴及PAHs总量随深度的增加而减小,沉积物表层0～10 cm内的w(PAHs)最高,达396.61 ng/g. 表层沉积物中含量较高的PAHs为萘>菲>芴>荧蒽>芘>二氢苊>苊烯>. w(PAHs)与沉积物中w(TOC)呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.9347. 从扎龙湿地的低环PAHs污染特征以及同周边地区大气颗粒物中的PAHs对照分析表明,扎龙湿地沉积物中的PAHs主要来源于石油类污染.      

Dual <Superscript>14</Superscript>C/residue analysis method to assess the microbial accessibility of native phenanthrene in environmental samples

The aim of this work was to develop a method to assess the microbial accessibility of native phenanthrene present in soils and sediments. We developed an accelerated biodegradation assay, characterized by (a) inoculation with a sufficient number of phenanthrene-degrading microorganisms, (b) monitoring of the biodegradation activity through ¹⁴C-mineralization measurements, and (c) single-step chemical analysis of the native compound in the residue. The use of ¹⁴C-labeling allowed the determination of the time period needed for biodegradation of the bioaccessible fraction of the native chemical. The method was tested with environmental samples having a wide range of phenanthrene concentrations, i.e., from background levels (μg kg^-1) originating in soil from atmospheric deposition, to acute concentrations (g kg^-1) corresponding to industrial pollution of soils and sediments. The results showed a wide range of bioaccessibility (15–95% of the initial amount). The method can be used for the assessment of bioaccessibility involved in the management of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution.