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441.
Lankadurai BP Wolfe DM Simpson AJ Simpson MJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2845-2851
1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to examine the response of the earthworm Eisenia fetida after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of phenanthrene over time. Earthworms were exposed to 0.025 mg/cm2 of phenanthrene (1/64th of the LC50) via contact tests over four days. Earthworm tissues were extracted using a mixture of chloroform, methanol and water, resulting in polar and non-polar fractions that were analyzed by 1H NMR after one, two, three and four days. NMR-based metabolomic analyses revealed heightened E. fetida responses with longer phenanthrene exposure times. Amino acids alanine and glutamate, the sugar maltose, the lipids cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine emerged as potential indicators of phenanthrene exposure. The conversion of succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle was also interrupted by phenanthrene. Therefore, this study shows that NMR-based metabolomics is a powerful tool for elucidating time-dependent relationships in addition to the mode of toxicity of phenanthrene in earthworm exposure studies. 相似文献
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Metabolism of xenobiotics is a two-step process that increases the polarity of compounds to facilitate their excretion. In previous work, the major in vitro phase I metabolites of alkyl-anthracenes by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CYP enzymes were shown to be predominantly ring hydroxylated metabolites. Here, we present the first report on the identification of in vivo phase II metabolites of alkyl-anthracenes in juvenile rainbow trout. Bile was collected from trout injected with individual alkyl-anthracenes with, in some cases, a co-injection of β-naphthoflavone (BNF). Some samples were digested with the β-glucuronidase enzyme to confirm the presence of glucuronide conjugates. The metabolites were separated using a water-acetonitrile gradient on a HPLC system equipped with a C18 column and a UV-diode array detector. Trout with endogenous and BNF-induced enzymes produced the same metabolites, but higher concentrations of metabolites were detected after enzyme induction. Alkyl-anthracenes were metabolized predominantly on the rings as evidenced by the UV spectral analysis. Likewise, mass spectrometry and UV spectral analysis confirmed a predominance of glucuronide conjugates for all systems investigated. 相似文献
445.
Temporal atmospheric temperature changes during summers at sub-Arctic sites often cause periodic fluctuations in shallow landfarm and surface soil temperatures. However, little information is available on the effect of site-relevant variations on biodegradation performance in cold climates. This study compares the rate and extents of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons at variable site temperatures (1-10 °C) representative of summers at a sub-Arctic site reported previously with those obtained under a constant average temperature of 6 °C. The biodegradation was evaluated in pilot-scale landfarming experiments with field-aged petroleum-contaminated soils shipped from Resolution Island (61°30′N, 65°00′W), Nunavut, Canada. Under the variable site temperature conditions biodegradation rate constants of semi- (F2) and non-volatile (F3) hydrocarbon fractions were enhanced by over a factor of two during the 60-d experiment, compared to the constant temperature mode. The decrease in total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) under the variable site temperature mode was 55% compared to only 19% under the constant average temperature mode. The enhanced biodegradation is attributable to the non-linear acceleration of microbial activity between 4.7 and 10 °C and faster growth of indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations. The first-order biodegradation rate constants of 0.018, 0.024 and 0.016 d−1 for TPH, F2 and F3 fractions at the variable site temperature were in agreement with those determined by an on-site experiment at the same site. 相似文献
446.
Bin Ma Yan He Huai-hai Chen Jian-ming Xu Zed Rengel 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(3):855-861
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent organic pollutants with high carcinogenic effect and toxicity; their behavior and fate in the soil-plant system have been widely investigated. In the present paper, meta-analysis was used to explore the interaction between plant growth and dissipation of PAHs in soil based on the large body of published literature. Plants have a promoting effect on PAH dissipation in soils. There was no difference in PAH dissipation between soils contaminated with single and mixed PAHs. However, plants had a more obvious effect on PAH dissipation in freshly-spiked soils than in long-term field-polluted soils. Additionally, a positive effect of the number of microbial populations capable of degrading PAHs was observed in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Our meta-analysis established the importance of the rhizosphere effect on PAH dissipation in variety of the soil-plant systems. 相似文献
447.
Barend L. van Drooge 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(9):2880-2887
The ambient air in Northern Italy is characterised by relatively high PAH and PM10 concentrations in relation to calm wind and intensive temperature inversions, especially during cold periods. These stagnant conditions are occasionally interrupted by North-Föhn events, which cause a drop in relative humidity and an increase in O3 levels, indicating the mixing of local and free troposphere air flows. In this study the influence of the North-Föhn on concentrations of tracer organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PM10, O3 and black carbon (BC) was studied during a North-Föhn event in November 2007. Large fluctuations in the concentration of these compounds, as well as changes in PM10 composition due to daytime and night-time variations of local source emissions were observed. Although these events occur at low frequencies (6-10%) they can for short periods, strongly affect the regional air quality by quickly decreasing the concentrations of these tracer organic compounds. 相似文献
448.
Natural attenuation of diesel aliphatic hydrocarbons in contaminated agricultural soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Serrano A Gallego M González JL Tejada M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(3):494-502
A diesel fuel spill at a concentration of 1 L m(-2) soil was simulated on a 12 m(2) plot of agricultural land, and natural attenuation of aliphatic hydrocarbons was monitored over a period of 400 days following the spill after which the aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations were found to be below the legal contamination threshold for soil. The main fraction of these compounds (95%) remained at the surface layer (0-10 cm). Shortly after the spill (viz. between days 0 and 18), evaporation was the main origin of the dramatic decrease in pollutant concentrations in the soil. Thereafter, soil microorganisms used aliphatic hydrocarbons as sources of carbon and energy, as confirmed by the degradation ratios found. Soil quality indicators, soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity, regained their original levels about 200 days after the spill. 相似文献
449.
Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Liu Y Chen L Jianfu Z Qinghui H Zhiliang Z Hongwen G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(2):298-305
Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methylnaphthalene were investigated in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Total PAH concentrations, excluding perylene, ranged from 107 to 1707 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the Huangpu River were higher than those of the Yangtze Estuary. The concentration of the Suzhou River was close to the average concentration of the Huangpu River. PAHs source analysis suggested that, in the Yangtze Estuary, PAHs at locations far away from cities were mainly from petrogenic sources. At other locations, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. In the Huangpu and Suzhou Rivers, pyrogenic input outweighed other sources. The pyrogenic PAHs in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River were mainly from the incomplete combustion of grass, wood and coal, and those in the middle and lower reaches were from vehicle and vessel exhaust. 相似文献
450.
建立了ASE-GPC—GC-QqQ—MS/MS测定土壤中17种有机氯农药和19种多氯联苯以及MAE-SPE—GC-QqQ—MS/MS测定土壤中16种多环芳烃和18种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法。多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯定量限在0.02~2.81μg/kg之间,有机氯农药和多氯联苯定量限在0.01~0.51μg/kg之间。样品加标浓度在5μg/kg时多环芳烃和邻苯二甲酸酯的平均回收率在66.6%~122.1%之间,相对标准偏差均小于20%;有机氯农药和多氯联苯平均回收率在79.6%~93.2%之间,相对标准偏差均小于15%。 相似文献