Effect of Diesel Fuel on Growth of Selected Plant Species

Diesel oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with an average carbon number of C8–C26. The majority of components consist of alkanes, both straight chained and branched and aromatic compounds including mono-, di- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Regardless of this complexity, diesel oil can be readily degraded by a number of soil microorganisms making it a likely candidate for bioremediation. The concept of using plants to enhance bioremediation, termed phytoremediation, is a relatively new area of scientific interest. It is particularly applicable to diesel oil contamination as diesel oil generally contaminates the top few metres of soil (surface soil) and contamination is not uniform throughout the site. By encouraging plants to grow on diesel oil contaminated soil, conditions are improved for the microbial degradation of the contaminant. During this study, establishing plants on diesel oil contaminated soil proved difficult. Diesel oil is phytotoxic to plants at relatively low concentrations. At concentrations below this phytotoxic level, the development of plants grown in diesel oil contaminated soil differs greatly from plants grown in uncontaminated soil. Tolerance of plants to diesel oil and ability to germinate in diesel oil contaminated soil varied greatly between plant species as well as within plant species. The broadest differences in germination were seen within the grasses with certain species thriving in low levels of contamination (e.g. Creeping bent) while others were intolerant of diesel oil contamination (e.g. Rough meadow grass). The herbs, legumes and commercial crops screened appeared to be largely unaffected by low levels of diesel oil contamination (25g dieselkg^–1). At the higher level of contamination (50g dieselkg^–1), half of the twenty two plants species screened failed to reach a germination rate equal to 50% of the control rate. Two species of grass failed to germinate at all at this contamination level. Plant species that successfully germinated and grew were studied further to determine the effect of diesel oil contamination on the later stages of plant development. This work investigates the effect of diesel oil on plant growth and development.     

应用发光菌测定有机化合物的毒性

本文介绍了化合物对发光菌半数抑制发光强度的毒性测定方法，测定了几十种芳烃类化合物的毒性，发现不同取代基或取代位置的芳烃毒性不同，并且对发光菌的毒性与对黑呆头鱼的毒性有相关性。     

苯系化合物好氧生物降解性研究

选用城市污水处理场的活性污泥做菌源，研究了苯、甲苯、邻－间－、对－二甲苯、乙基苯、三甲苯等七种芳香化合物的好氧生物降解规律。实验结果表明，七种化合物浓度在１０ｍｇ／ｌ左右时，在实验周期内能全部降解；浓度在４０－１８０ｍｇ／ｌ时，有的化合物不能被降解。七种化合物降解的难易程度为：甲苯＞间二甲苯＞苯＞对二甲苯＞乙基苯＞三甲苯＞邻二甲苯。此外，实验结果还表明，化合物的降解性受苯环上取代基数量及位置等因素     

A comparison of concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds detected in dust samples from various regions of the world

Settled house dust can be a source of human exposure to toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through non-dietary ingestion and dermal contact. Information regarding the concentrations of various contaminants in house dust would be useful in estimating the risk associated with exposure to these compounds. This study reports on the surface loading, variability and distribution of PAHs in settled house dust collected from homes in three locations: Sumgayit, Azerbaijan; Shanxi Province, China; and southern Texas, United States. The highest PAH floor surface loadings were observed in China, followed by Azerbaijan and Texas. Median concentrations of high molecular weight (four ring and larger) PAHs ranged from a low of 0.11 microg/m(2) in Texas, to 2.9 microg/m(2) in Azerbaijan and 162 microg/m(2) in China. These trends in total surface loading and relative carcinogenicity indicate that the risk of health effects from exposure to PAHs in house dust is highest in the Chinese population and lowest in the Texas population. As anticipated, variability among dust samples from different houses within the same region was high, with coefficients of variation greater than 100%. Alkylated PAHs comprised 30-50% of the total mass of PAHs. Based on a comparison of the composition of specific components, PAHs in China and Azerbaijan were determined to be derived mainly from combustion sources rather than from unburned fossil fuels such as petroleum. These results, coupled with ongoing investigation of appropriate PAH exposure biomarkers in humans, will guide future efforts to identify ways to reduce exposures in the study areas.     

Mixed uncertainty analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inhalation and risk assessment in ambient air of Beijing

This article presents the application of an integrated method that estimates the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, and assesses the human health risk associated with PAHs inhalation. An uncertainty analysis method consisting of three components were applied in this study, where the three components include a bootstrapping method for analyzing the whole process associated uncertainty, an inhalation rate (IR) representation for evaluating the total PAH inhalation risk for human health, and a normally distributed absorption fraction (AF) ranging from 0% to 100% to represent the absorption capability of PAHs in human body. Using this method, an integrated process was employed to assess the health risk of the residents in Beijing, China, from inhaling PAHs in the air. The results indicate that the ambient air PAHs in Beijing is an important contributor to human health impairment, although over 68% of residents seem to be safe from daily PAH carcinogenic inhalation. In general, the accumulated daily inhalation amount is relatively higher for male and children at 10 years old of age than for female and children at 6 years old. In 1997, about 1.73% cancer sufferers in Beijing were more or less related to ambient air PAHs inhalation. At 95% confidence interval, approximately 272–309 individual cancer incidences can be attributed to PAHs pollution in the air. The probability of greater than 500 cancer occurrence is 15.3%. While the inhalation of ambient air PAHs was shown to be an important factor responsible for higher cancer occurrence in Beijing, while the contribution might not be the most significant one.     

Toxic e ects of fluoranthene and copper on marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

To investigate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals on the population reproduction,antioxidative defense system and cell ultrastructure of the marine diatom,fluoranthene and Cu2 were selected to test their toxicity to Phaeodactylum tricorntum,in the laboratory.The results indicated that both fluoranthene and Cu2 inhibited population reproduction of P.tricorntum.When the algal cells were exposed to fluoranthene or Cu2 for 72 h,ultrastructure damage in the cells was observed un...     

尼龙6纳米纤维膜富集/固相表面荧光法快速检测水体痕量多环芳烃研究

以静电纺丝法自制的尼龙6纳米纤维膜为吸附材料,建立了快速测定水体痕量多环芳烃(PAHs)的固相表面荧光光谱法(SSF)。将直径为5 cm的尼龙6纳米纤维膜作为滤膜用于抽滤菲、芘、荧蒽的水溶液,将膜自然晾干后置于可变角粉末样品池上,利用荧光分光光度计测量膜表面PAHs的三维固相表面荧光光谱特征,确定最佳激发发射波长,考察荧光强度随溶液初始质量浓度的线性变化关系。结果表明,菲、芘、荧蒽的最大激发发射荧光中心分别位于Ex/Em=255nm/368 nm、Ex/Em=340 nm/376 nm和Ex/Em=290 nm/437 nm处。当抽滤水样体积为500 m L时,菲、芘、荧蒽荧光强度与初始质量浓度之间的标准曲线分别为y=9432.4x+261.1,线性范围为5~500ng/m L;y=753480x+805.51,线性范围为0.2~10 ng/m L;y=9946.06x+603.48,线性范围为10~400 ng/m L,检出限分别为0.973 ng/m L、0.016 2 ng/m L和0.089 6 ng/m L。当质量浓度分别为100 ng/m L、10ng/m L和50 ng/m L时,7次测量的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为7.1%、2.6%和5.1%,平均值相对误差分别为1%、2%和-0.2%。自来水低中高3个质量浓度的平均加标回收率分别为87.2%~98.2%、101%~120%、85.8%~92.3%。本方法具有简便、经济、灵敏度高等优点,适合于水体痕量PAHs的快速测定。     

三峡库区重庆段重点水域沉积物多环芳烃的污染特征及生态风险评价

采用液相色谱法对三峡库区重庆段9个断面沉积物样品的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。结果表明,三峡库区重庆段沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比范围为68.6~4 226 ng/g,平均质量比为685 ng/g;7种致癌单体Σ7PAHs质量比范围为23.7~1 265 ng/g,平均值为261ng/g,属中等污染水平。沉积物中ΣPAHs质量比最高点位于化工园区下游,其余断面质量比较低且变化较小;化工园区下游以2~3环为主,占总量的50.66%,其余断面以5~6环为主,占总量的25.90%~67.01%。沉积物中PAHs来源主要为木柴、煤燃料的高温燃烧。沉积物质量基准法和质量标准法评价结果表明,化工园区下游沉积物存在生态风险,有必要开展PAHs污染来源调查和底质生态修复研究;其余断面存在潜在生态风险,需加强监测。     

保护人体健康的萘水质基准研究

依据我国《人体健康水质基准制定技术指南》（HJ 837—2017）,通过对萘的非致癌毒性效应及第二、三和四营养级的生物累积系数分析,推导了同时饮水和消费水产品以及仅消费水产品的萘污染物人体健康水质基准.研究结果显示,第二、三和四营养级的最终营养级生物累积系数分别为248,533,406L/kg,同时饮水和消费水产品的萘的人体健康水质基准为16.6μg/L,仅消费水产品的萘的人体健康水质基准为18.9μg/L.     

氧化石墨烯和多环芳烃与肺表面活性物质间的相互作用

为阐明氧化石墨烯与多环芳烃这一复合污染体系与肺表面活性物质（PS）的作用,考察了各组分之间的作用方式及效应,并对作用机制进行分析.结果表明,PS及其组分对多环芳烃有增溶作用,增溶能力依次为萘 < 苊 < 苯并（a）蒽;氧化石墨烯对多环芳烃和PS有一定的吸附作用,且多环芳烃和PS存在竞争吸附,入肺后PS及其组分占据多环芳烃的吸附位点而负载于氧化石墨烯表面;多环芳烃在PS及其组分增溶作用下在氧化石墨烯表面解析,毒性增强;DPPC由竞争吸附产生的解析效果尤为显著,当苯并（a）蒽的加入量到0.6mg/L时,DPPC于GO上吸附量减少了28.92mg/g;同时,多环芳烃和PS均会促使氧化石墨烯团聚,粒径增大3倍以上;C=C键的增多和化学键转化产生的作用力影响了氧化石墨烯的稳定性.本研究为复合污染对肺的潜在毒性效应及肺风险评估提供了一定的理论支撑.