水环境中多环芳烃的污染现状及研究进展

概述了多环芳烃(PAHs)的属性和主要来源,介绍了其在不同环境介质中的分析方法、污染状况、迁移转化及风险评估现状,提出了进一步加强复杂环境基质中PAHs分析方法、不同环境介质中PAHs迁移转化特征,以及PAHs环境生态风险和人体健康风险等方面研究的建议。     

非甲烷总烃样品保存时限探讨

非甲烷总烃在监测过程中,废气样品保存容器的选择和保存时间的长短对分析结果有重要影响。研究结果表明:使用玻璃注射器保存样品,应在8 h内完成分析;使用泰德拉惰性气袋保存样品,保存时间可延长至48 h,如废气中主要组分为沸点高于150℃的高沸点化合物,则应在8 h内完成非甲烷总烃的测定。     

GC-MS/MS法测定石油污染土壤中的多环芳烃

采用丙酮-正己烷混合溶液(体积比为1∶1)提取石油污染土壤样品中10种典型多环芳烃,用GC-MS/MS法测定。通过优化前处理和测定条件,使方法在0.100 mg/L～10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为5.00μg/kg～15.8μg/kg。土壤样品加标回收试验6次测定结果的RSD为0.1%～16.6%,加标回收率为43.1%～109%。将该方法用于测定湖南某石化项目周边的实际土壤,结果表明该地区不同点位土壤中多环芳烃测定值为未检出～300μg/kg,在国家标准规定的范围内。     

天津城郊土壤中PAHs含量特征及来源解析

以天津市郊环城四区为研究对象,系统采集了环城四区95个表层土壤样品,利用高效液相色谱仪对16种PAHs进行分析测定,结果表明,西青、东丽、津南和北辰土壤中16种PAHs的总量范围分别为62.6～1 994.9、36.1～4 074.7、20.1～2 502.5、22.1～707.7μg/kg;平均含量分别为445.8、841.8、509.5、242.5μg/kg。四区中都以高环多环芳烃为主,西青、东丽、北辰和津南高环多环芳烃分别占多环芳烃总比例的45.4%、42.2%、38.8%和38.7%。空间分析的结果表明,靠近天津市市区样点土壤中多环芳烃的含量要明显高于远离市区土壤中多环芳烃的含量。利用环数PAHs的相对丰度和比值法对天津市郊环城四区土壤中多环芳烃的污染来源进行了解析,研究区土壤监测样点的PAHs主要来自燃烧源,少部分来自石油类来源或几种污染源的共同复合累加的作用。     

郑州大气及颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征与来源解析

对2012年郑州市大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征与来源进行了分析。结果表明,ρ(∑PAHs)(包括气相与颗粒相)为23.27~194.61 ng/m3,气相中∑PAHs高于颗粒相,四环以下的PAHs大都存在于气态中;在夏、春2季,较小分子质量(≤178)的PAHs占比较高,冬季,较大分子质量(≥252)的PAHs占比明显较高;各功能区ρ(PAHs)排序为工业区交通密集区医疗、文化、行政混合区。郑州大气和颗粒物中PAHs可能主要来自煤和液体燃料(汽油柴油)的燃烧。     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzothiophenes in wetland sediments and aquatic insects in the oil sands area of Northeastern Alberta, Canada

An immense volume of tailings and tailings water is accumulating in tailings ponds located on mine leases in the oil sands area of Alberta, Canada. Oil sands mining companies have proposed to use tailings- and tailings water-amended lakes and wetlands as part of their mine remediation plans. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are substances of concern in oil sands tailings and tailings water. In this study, we determined concentrations of PAHs in sediments, insect larvae and adult insects collected in or adjacent to three groups of wetlands: experimental wetlands to which tailings or tailings water had been purposely added, oil sands wetlands that were located on the mine leases but which had not been experimentally manipulated and reference wetlands located near the mine leases. Alkylated PAHs dominated the PAH profile in all types of samples in the three categories of wetlands. Median and maximum PAH concentrations, especially alkylated PAH concentrations, tended to be higher in sediments and insect larvae in experimental wetlands than in the other types of wetlands. Such was not the case for adult insects, which contained higher than expected levels of PAHs in the three types of ponds. Overlap in PAH concentrations in larvae among pond types suggests that any increase in PAH levels resulting from the addition of tailings and tailings water to wetlands would be modest. Biota-sediment accumulation factors were higher for alkylated PAHs than for their parent counterparts and were lower in experimental wetlands than in oil sands and reference wetlands. Research is needed to examine factors that affect the bioavailability of PAHs in oil sands tailings- or tailings water-amended wetlands.     

基于固相微萃取技术的GC法测定水中多环芳烃

采取新型大容量固相微萃取器与热解吸/气相色谱联用技术,测定饮用水源地水样中的多环芳烃(主要是微量的萘、联苯及菲)。其实验最佳萃取时间为90 min,最佳解吸时间为5 min。该方法的回收率在68.2%~112.2%之间,最低检出限在2.0~3.0μg/L之间,并对饮用水源地的水质进行了检测。     

Effects of an Oil Spill on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties of a Spill Site in a Typic Udipsamment of the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria

Physico-chemical analysis of soil samples at an oil spill site in a Typic Udipsamment of the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria showed that the total hydrocarbon content of top soil layers ranged from 18.6 to 23.6 ppm in the heavy impact zone and the oil had penetrated to a depth op 8.4 m. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the medium impact zone ranged from 10.04 to 10.38 ppm while hydrocarbons were not detected in 85% of samples from the unimpacted reference zone. Heavy metal concentration measurements in the soil revealed a significant build-up (P < 0.05) of lead, copper and zinc in the heavy impact zone. Other quality parameters including electrical conductity, exchangeable cations, total nitrogen and available phosphorus in impacted soils were relatively low, while the total organic carbon was high compared with the reference site. Textural class of soil from the different depths showed a predominantly brown sand at the topsoil, loamy sand and grey coarse sand at medium depths, and grey coarse sand and greyish sandy clay at greater depths.     

顶空气相色谱法测定浓海水中挥发性卤代烃

采用顶空法分离并富集海水淡化排放的浓海水样品,用气相色谱法测定样品中的挥发性卤代烃,通过优化顶空时间、顶空温度、水样盐度等条件,提高顶空富集效率,使方法在2.00μg/L~100μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.999,方法检出限为0.019μg/L~0.052μg/L。标准溶液平行6次测定结果的RSD为3.9%~9.6%,加标回收率为80.5%~125%。     

关于火电厂验收存在的问题分析

对火电厂中以煤、天然气、油或焦油、秸秆为原料时验收监测应注意的问题进行了分析和探讨。重点提出了烟气脱硫、Hg、As、氟化物的污染以及多环芳烃、二的产生和以后环评、环评批复及验收监测中应注意的问题。