南京大气PM10谱分布和细粒子中多环芳烃的研究

文章使用分级采样器采集夏秋两季南京市不同功能区的大气PM10样品,运用GC-MS等方法,研究细粒子中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征和污染来源。结果表明:各功能区秋季细粒子质量浓度均大于夏季,本底区细粒子质量浓度最低,为41.7～59.0μg/m3;交通商业区浓度最高,为206.5～467.0μg/m3。各功能区PM1...     

藻菌系统降解偶氮染料的机理研究

研究了藻、菌及藻菌共存系统对偶氮染料降解的机理.50种偶氮染料的降解试验表明,多数偶氮染料可被藻、菌或二者共存系统所降解.藻也能单独降解偶氮染料,其降解机理基本一致:偶氮化合物的偶氮双键首先被还原裂解,产生芳香胺,芳香胺再被进一步降解.偶氮双键还原是由偶氮还原酶催化的.偶氮还原酶受氧抑制.芳香胺的降解是需氧的.     

厦门马銮湾养殖海区多环芳烃的污染特征

通过两个航次对厦门马銮湾养殖区及厦门西海域非养殖区的表层海水及沉积物中的多环芳烃的含量，组成进行调查。结果发现：马銮湾养殖区表层海水中多环芳烃的含量已达到生态毒理评价标准，马銮湾养殖海区的表层海水中多环芳烃的含量及组成存在明显的时间差异；马銮湾养殖海区沉积物中的多环芳烃含量明显高于非养殖区，并且在养殖海区的沉积物中检测到苯并（b)荧蒽，吲哚芘和苯并（ghi)Bei等没有最低安全值的高分子量多环芳烃的存在，直接威胁养殖水体的安全。此外，还对马銮湾养殖海区中多环芳烃污染的来源进行了分析。     

Measurement of in-vehicle volatile organic compounds under static conditions

The types and quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inside vehicles have been determined in one new vehicle and two old vehicles under static conditions using the Thermodesorber-Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (TD-GC/MS).Air sampling and analysis was conducted under the requirement of USEPA Method TO-17.A room-size,environment test chamber was utilized to provide stable and accurate control of the required environmental conditions (temperature,humidity,horizontal and vertical airflow velocity,and background VOCs concentration).Static vehicle testing demonstrated that although the amount of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) detected within each vehicle was relatively distinct (4940μg/m~3 in the new vehicle A,1240μg/m~3 in used vehicle B,and 132μg/m~3 in used vehicle C),toluene,xylene,some aromatic compounds,and various C_7-C_(12) alkanes were among the predominant VOC species in all three vehicles tested.In addition,tetramethyl succinonitrile,possibly derived from foam cushions was detected in vehicle B.The types and quantities of VOCs varied considerably according to various kinds of factors,such as,vehicle age, vehicle model,temperature,air exchange rate,and environment airflow velocity.For example,if the airflow velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.7 m/s,the vehicle's air exchange rate increases from 0.15 h~(-1) to 0.67 h~(-1),and in-vehicle TVOC concentration decreases from 1780 to 1201μg/m~3.     

云南省曲靖燃煤区人群多环芳烃的日暴露特征研究

2007年12月~2008年1月于我国云南省曲靖燃煤区开展人群多环芳烃(PAHs)的暴露评价研究.采用气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)测定了环境样品中16种PAHs的浓度,对暴露的途径及各种PAHs的来源比例进行了分析,以苯并(a)芘(BaP)致癌当量计算了人群日暴露总量.结果表明,人群日饮食暴露量为0.20μg/d,且与WHO报道的水平相当.日空气暴露量为5.26μg/d,占PAHs日暴露总量的96%,表明空气是当地PAHs暴露的主要来源.用BaP当量剂量评价致癌风险时,BaP从数量比3.08%上升至毒性当量比49.6%,低环PAHs毒性当量所占比例明显下降.当地人群BaP平均日暴露量为5.46μg/d,超过了标准限值3μg/d.PAHs暴露给当地环境和人群健康带来了长期危害.     

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engine retrofitted with selective catalytic reduction and continuously regenerating trap

Two after treatment units, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and continuously regenerating trap (CRT), were independently retrofitted to a diesel engine, with the objective to investigate their impact on the conversion/reduction (CR) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The experiments were conducted under the European steady state cycle (ESC) first without any retrofits to get baseline emissions, and then with SCR and CRT respectively, on the same engine. The particulate matter (PM)-phase PAHs were trapped in fiberglass filters, whereas gas-phase PAHs were collected in cartridges, and then analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Both PM-phase and gas-phase PAHs were greatly reduced with CRT showing respective CR of 90.7% and above 80%, whereas only gas-phase PAHs were abated in the case of SCR, with CR of above 75%. Lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were in abundance, while naphthalene exhibited a maximum relative contribution (RC) to LMW-PAHs for all three cases. Further, the CR of naphthalene and anthracene were increased with increasing catalyst temperature of SCR, most likely due to their conversion to solid particles. Moreover, the Benzo[a]Pyrene equivalent (BaP_eq) of PAHs was greatly reduced with CRT, owing to substantial reduction of total PAHs.     

提取时间对提取原煤中多环芳烃的影响

以淮北煤田气肥煤和夹矸样品为研究对象,以CH₂Cl₂为溶剂,采用超声提取法(提取时间为10,20和30 min)和索氏提取法(提取时间为24,48和72 h)提取其中可抽提有机物,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定提取液中美国环境保护局(USEPA)优控多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,来对比不同抽提时间对提取原煤中PAHs含量和分布特征的影响,为优化原煤中PAHs的提取条件提供理论依据.研究表明:淮北煤田样品中可抽提USEPA优控PAHs以菲为主,其含量占16种PAHs总量的40.0%～65.5%;夹矸样品中可抽提PAHs含量并不因其有机质含量低而明显低于原煤样品,夹矸中PAHs的迁移特征需引起关注.在实验条件下,提取原煤中PAHs,超声提取时间应选取30 min,索氏提取时间法应选取24 h.      

多环芳烃及其衍生物在SBR/MBBR工艺中的分布与去除

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类重要的持久性有毒有机污染物,而其衍生物SPAHs的毒性更高.通过对青岛市城阳污水处理厂采样,分析在其SBR/MBBR工艺中16种PAHs及硝基PAHs(NPAHs),甲基PAHs(MPAHs)以及氧基PAHs(OPAHs)的分布与去除.结果表明,16种PAHs及13种SPAHs均有检出,进水中,PAHs与SPAHs的总质量浓度分别为3 835. 14 ng·L~(-1)与6 889. 46 ng·L~(-1),其浓度远远高于其他地区的污水处理厂.在出水中,PAHs与SPAHs的总质量浓度为1 148. 18 ng·L~(-1)与1 724. 57 ng·L~(-1),去除率分别为70. 06%与74. 97%,可见SBR/MBBR工艺能有效去除PAHs与SPAHs.水相中PAHs的去除主要是针对低环多环芳烃(LMW-PAHs)的生物降解;而颗粒相中PAHs的去除主要依靠初沉池对LMW-PAHs的吸附沉淀以及生物单元对高环多环芳烃(HMW-PAHs)的生物吸附.对于SPAHs,MPAHs去除效果最好,去除率达89. 15%,颗粒吸附以及生物降解是其主要的去除机制;其次是OPAHs,去除率为63. 36%,在水相中主要依靠一级处理的颗粒吸附去除,在颗粒相中则主要在二级处理的生物吸附去除; NPAHs的去除率为48. 85%,主要在生物池中去除. SPAHs在SBR/MBBR工艺中的去除机制不尽相同,污水处理厂应根据不同处理工段PAHs与SPAHs的分布特征采取相应控制措施,而污泥中富集的PAHs与SPAHs远高于出水的排放量,因此,还应加强污泥中PAHs与SPAHs的管理.     

长江和辽河沉积物中的多环芳烃类污染物

报道了长江和辽河沉积物中17种多环芳烃（PAHs）类污染物的含量及分布状况．所研究的长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为213.8～550.31ng/g（干重）,辽河新民段沉积物中多环芳烃总量变化范围为 27.45～198.26ng/g（干重）．测定结果表明,长江和辽河沉积物中多环芳烃具有不同的空间分布模式：长江段以南京市下游的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高,而辽河段则以新民市区的沉积物中PAHs含量为最高但总的来说,长江南京段沉积物中多环芳烃的污染水平明显高于辽河新民段沉积物所受的多环芳烃污染．     

哈尔滨市大气中多环芳烃的初步研究

利用改进型的大流量主动采样器,于2008年5月7~20日对哈尔滨市大气样品进行采集,并检测了气相和颗粒相中的多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度.结果表明,哈尔滨市大气中总PAHs的浓度为8.1~37.2ng/m3,平均值为18.2ng/m3.通过特征分子比值法推断出哈尔滨市大气中PAHs主要来自于煤的燃烧.低环PAHs主要集中在气相,而高环PAHs则吸附在颗粒相上.气粒分配系数与过冷饱和蒸气压具有很好的相关性,但PAHs并没有达到气粒分配平衡,这可能与冬季取暖用煤燃烧产生的新多环芳烃有关.