Source and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Shanghai, China

Despite recent efforts to investigate the distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, water, and soil, very little is known about their temporal change in wet deposition. As a result of increased attention to public health, a large-scale survey on the deposition flux and distribution of PAH contamination in rainwater was urgently conducted in Shanghai, China. In this study, 163 rainwater samples were collected from six sites, and 15 PAH compounds were detected by the use of a simple solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant PAH species monitored were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene. The concentration of total PAHs per event was between 74 and 980 ng/L, with an average value of 481 ng/L, which is at the high end of worldwide figures. The annual deposition flux of PAHs in rainwater was estimated to be 4148 kg/yr in the Shanghai area, suggesting rainfall as a major possible pathway for removing PAHs from the atmosphere. Diagnostic analysis by the ratios of An/178 and Fl/Fl+Py suggested that combustion of grass, wood, and coal was the major contributor to PAHs in the Shanghai region. Back trajectory analysis also indicated that the pollutant sources could be from the southern part of China.     

挥发性氯代烃在干燥土壤中的平衡吸附研究

吸附是挥发性氯代烃（volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons,VCHs）污染土壤的主要机制之一.采集长三角地区3类典型水稻土,用静态平衡吸附实验进行干燥土壤对6种VCHs的平衡吸附研究.结果表明,干燥土壤的平衡吸附等温线难以用Langmuir方程和BET方程描述,但用Dubinin-Astak...     

广州市小学生多环芳烃内暴露水平

为了解广州市小学生多环芳烃内暴露水平,于2014年9月15~20日在广州市居民区与工业区分别采集了78名、86名小学生的晨尿样品,并利用快速液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪同时检测了样品中10种羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs)含量.结果表明,居民区和工业区小学生尿液中ΣOH-PAHs分别为0.83~80.63μmol·mol~(-1)和1.06~72.47μmol·mol~(-1),几何平均值为6.18μmol·mol~(-1)和6.47μmol·mol~(-1),居民区略低于工业区(无统计学意义,P0.05).比较两个区域OH-PAHs不同组分的暴露水平,居民区小学生尿液中1-OHP的暴露水平明显高于工业区(具有统计学意义,P0.05),其他组分无显著差异,与国内外已有研究相比,本研究小学生尿液中OH-PAHs含量较高值得关注.其次,居民区小学生体内OH-PAHs单体之间均显著相关(P0.01),相关系数在0.511~0.928之间;工业区小学生尿液1-OHP与2-OHN、1-OHP与1-OHN之间无显著相关性,其他OH-PAHs单体之间均显著相关(P0.01),相关系数在0.338~0.855之间.这一差异可能指示不同功能区小学生多环芳烃暴露源的差异性,居民区相对单一,而工业区因工业企业、物流交通的排放呈现多源性.     

太原市采暖期大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的污染特征

本研究对太原市采暖期PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平、组成特征、健康风险以及来源进行了分析。结果表明,太原市采暖期PM2.5的日均浓度水平为70.7~274.2μg/m3,90%的样品超过了我国《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)中PM2.5的二级标准限值(75μg/m3)。PM2.5中16种PAHs的浓度水平为282.7~1 398.6ng/m3,平均值为915.7ng/m3。荧蒽(Fla)是浓度最高的单体,占PAHs总浓度的20.4%,其次是芘(Pry)和菲(Phe),分别占14.5%和13.2%。不同环数的PAHs质量浓度为4环5~6环2~3环。以苯并(a)芘(Bap)为参照对象的昼夜毒性当量浓度Bapeq分别为75.5和100.0ng/m3,高于我国和WHO对Bap的规定值(分别为2.5和1ng/m3),对人体健康存在潜在危害。根据PAHs环数分布及特征比值法判断PAHs的主要来源是煤燃烧,同时也存在一定的生物质燃烧和少部分石油燃烧。     

Anaerobic biodegradation of PAHs in mangrove sediment with amendment of NaHCO3

Mangrove sediment is unique in chemical and biological properties. Many of them suffer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) contamination. However, the study on PAH biological remediation for mangrove sediment is deficient. Enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium and electron acceptor amendment are considered as two effective measures. Compared to other electron acceptors, the study on CO2, which is used by methanogens, is still seldom. This study investigated the effect of Na HCO3 amendment on the anaerobic biodegradation of four mixed PAHs, namely fluorene(Fl), phenanthrene(Phe),fluoranthene(Flua) and pyrene(Pyr), with or without enriched PAH-degrading microbial consortium in mangrove sediment slurry. The trends of various parameters, including PAH concentrations, microbial population size, electron-transport system activities, electron acceptor and anaerobic gas production were monitored. The results revealed that the inoculation of enriched PAH-degrading consortium had a significant effect with half lives shortened by 7–13 days for 3-ring PAHs and 11–24 days for 4-ring PAHs. While Na HCO3 amendment did not have a significant effect on the biodegradation of PAHs and other parameters, except that CO2 gas in the headspace of experimental flasks was increased.One of the possible reasons is that mangrove sediment contains high concentrations of other electron acceptors which are easier to be utilized by anaerobic bacteria, the other one is that the anaerobes in mangrove sediment can produce enough CO2 gas even without adding Na HCO3.     

Characterizations of organic compounds in diesel exhaust particulates

To characterize how the speed and load of a medium-duty diesel engine affected the organic compounds in diesel particle matter (PM) below 1 μm, four driving conditions were examined. At all four driving conditions, concentration of identifiable organic compounds in PM ultrafine (34–94 nm) and accumulation (94–1000 nm) modes ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 μg/m³ and 9.5 to 16.4 μg/m³, respectively. As a function of driving conditions, the non-oxygen-containing organics exhibited a reversed concentration trend to the oxygen-containing organics. The identified organic compounds were classified into eleven classes: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, ethers, nitrogen-containing compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds. At all driving conditions, alkane class consistently showed the highest concentration (8.3 to 18.0 μg/m³) followed by carboxylic acid, esters, ketones and alcohols. Twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified with a total concentration ranging from 37.9 to 174.8 ng/m³. In addition, nine nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (NPACs) were identified with a total concentration ranging from 7.0 to 10.3 ng/m³. The most abundant PAH (phenanthrene) and NPACs (7,8-benzoquinoline and 3-nitrophenanthrene) comprise a similar molecular (3 aromatic-ring) structure under the highest engine speed and engine load.     

百色市大气可吸入颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

为调查百色市大气颗粒物PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,于2013年冬、夏两季采集了百色市城、郊2个不同采样点的大气样品,采用HPLC分析了16种US EPA优控PAHs的质量浓度、组分特征,运用同分异构体比率法揭示其污染来源.结果表明:百色市大气PM25中∑PAHs质量浓度为4.7～ 142.3 ng/m3,低于我国制定的PM2.5中PAHs的年均值(35 μg/m3);百色市城区、郊区2个采样点大气PM2.5中PAHs的质量浓度分别为6.9～ 142.3 ng/m3和4.7～ 109.6ng/m3,平均值为37.2 ng/m3和24.7 ng/m3,不同环数PAHs质量浓度从大到小为4环、5环、3环、6环、2环,4环、5环PAHs分别占∑PAHs的42.9％～ 50.7％和18.4％～22.4％;主要的单种PAHs为茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝、(苊)、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并[k]荧蒽.冬季∑PAHs质量浓度高于夏季.PM2.5中苯并[a]芘等效毒性(BEQ)为2.3～7.4,与其他城市相比,BEQ属于中下等水平.PM2.5中的PAHs源自煤及机动车辆燃油的燃烧.     

我国部分城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

主要研究中国大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况,对多环芳烃的浓度水平、时间和空间分布、组成及在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征进行了综述.北方城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度普遍高于南方城市.大气颗粒物中多环芳烃以4～6环为主,占多环芳烃总量的60％～ 80％.大多数多环芳烃分布于细粒子中,且多环芳烃在PM2.5中的分布占在PM1o中分布的70％以上.多环芳烃质量浓度有明显的季节变化特征,多数研究中多环芳烃浓度从高到低的季节变化规律为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季.不同功能区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染,城区高于郊区,交通区和工业区高于商业区、居住区和文化区.     

深圳大气颗粒物中卤代多环芳烃污染研究

利用GC-MS方法分析了卤代多环芳烃在深圳市大气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)中的含量水平.所关注的9种卤代多环芳烃在PM10和PM2.5中的含量范围分别是118~1 476 pg·m-3和89~407 pg·m-3.在PM10和PM2.5样品中,9-Br Ant的含量水平最高,其次是7-Br Ba A和9,10-Br2Ant.深圳市大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃总含量水平表现出冬季秋季春季夏季的季节变化规律,但是各卤代多环芳烃单体含量水平的季节变化特征不同.温度、降水量和相对湿度等气象条件可能是影响大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃含量水平季节变化特征的重要因素.此外,PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的含量水平与母体多环芳烃之间存在显著的相关关系.最后,本研究估算了卤代多环芳烃的毒性当量,大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的毒性当量变化范围分别是17.6~86.2 pg·m-3和14.6~70.4 pg·m-3.其中,7-Br Ba A对卤代多环芳烃总毒性当量的贡献最大.结果表明深圳市大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的总毒性当量低于母体多环芳烃.     

重庆金佛山土壤中PAHs含量的海拔梯度分布及来源解析

高海拔山区的冷凝效应使其成为了持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)的储存库.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)测定了重庆金佛山南坡不同海拔高度10个表层土壤样品中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的含量和组成,运用比值法和主成分分析法解析其污染来源,采用Ba P毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)评价其生态风险.结果表明,土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量范围是240~2 121 ng·g-1,平均值为849 ng·g-1,并以2~3环为主,7种致癌性PAHs的含量平均占到了总PAHs的17.8%.研究区土壤中不同环PAHs和PAHs的总量都随着海拔的升高有增加的趋势,其中低环的增加趋势最显著,而高环的波动性较大,但不同环PAHs占总PAHs的比例并未随着海拔的升高表现出一定的规律性.研究区土壤中PAHs主要来自于石油源,石油产品以及煤炭和生物质的燃烧源.研究区土壤已受到一定程度的污染,但毒性风险较小.