模拟酸雨对薇甘菊种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

薇甘菊是入侵性杂草,已在我国华南地区及云南部分地区造成严重危害。我国华南地区同时也是强酸雨分布区域。采用不同pH值的模拟酸雨对薇甘菊种子及幼苗进行处理,测定其对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。测定了不同pH值下薇甘菊幼苗叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性。结果表明,薇甘菊种子具有较强的耐酸能力,pH≥3．5时均能正常萌发,pH≤3．0时不能萌发。不同pH值模拟酸雨对薇甘菊幼苗叶绿素含量影响不显著。随着模拟酸雨pH值下降,超氧阴离子产生速率上升,丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性呈先上升后下降。pH3．5时,丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性均达最大值;pH4．0时超氧化物歧化酶活性达最大值。结果表明薇甘菊对华南地区酸雨胁迫表现出适应。     

不同土地利用方式下Cd、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

为探寻合理的土地利用方式,减轻重金属污染,以上海市崇明岛为研究对象,结合室内盆栽模拟试验,研究了不同土地利用方式下Cd、Pb复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响,以期为合理规划土地功能和提高土壤健康程度提供科学依据。试验结果表明,农田、生活用地等受人类活动影响较明显的地区,其土壤酶活性低于湿地、林地、河道旁等人为扰动较少且水分充足的地区;土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性两两之间呈显著正相关(P<0.01),且土壤脲酶对Cd、Pb较敏感;土壤有机质与土壤酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05);Cd、Pb复合污染在低含量(Cd:0～1mg.kg-1;Pb:0～60mg.kg-1)时对土壤酶活性表现为促进作用,而高含量(Cd:0～20mg.kg-1;Pb:0～100mg.kg-1)时则表现为抑制作用。     

木麻黄根区土壤理化特性及酶活性与青枯病发生关联分析

为探究木麻黄(Casuarina spp.)根区土壤理化特性及酶活性与青枯病发生的关系,进而为加强生物防治提供参考.选取位于广东省潮州市饶平县大埕镇、湛江市吴川市塘尾镇和湛江市徐闻县前山镇的3个木麻黄人工林为研究对象,在每个林分下分别设置3个样地,每个样地采集木麻黄青枯病感病植株和健康植株根区土壤各3份,共54个土壤样...     

改性植被混凝土基材力学与植生试验研究

为探明羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)与麦秸秆纤维对植被混凝土基材力学与植生性能的影响,通过直剪试验、植生试验研究了改性后植被混凝土基材(简称改性基材)的抗剪性能与黑麦草生长性能.结果 表明:①改性基材的剪切强度随CMC掺量的增加呈先增后减的变化趋势,0.5％CMC掺量时基材的剪切强度出现峰值,而随纤维掺量的增加改性基材剪切强...     

白腐真菌发酵中胞外蛋白酶对MnP的产生及其稳定性的影响

在摇瓶试验中通过投加4种对应不同蛋白酶的抑制剂,研究了白腐真菌 Phanerochaete chrysosporium 固定化发酵过程中所产的胞外蛋白酶对其MnP的产生以及稳定性的影响.在培养1d后投加 Pepstatin A 可使MnP峰值提高且提前1d出现,而投加PMSF、EDTA后MnP峰值出现时间不变但峰值皆下降;培养4d后投加 PMSF 和Pepstatin A可使MnP酶活提高且稳定性增强;培养过程中投加 HgCl2 均会抑制菌体生长,使 MnP酶活水平较低.在培养1d后直接补人初级蛋白酶浓缩液.MnP 峰值酶活稍有提高.且第3d补入初级蛋白酶浓缩液会使MnP提前1d出现.在离体条件下,EDTA 和 HgCl2均可抑制MnP酶活;初级蛋白酶和次级蛋白酶均会导致MnP不稳定,但投加 PMSF 和 Pepstatin A 后,MnP稳定性增强.以上结果表明,在培养过程中初级蛋白酶部分组分对MnP的产生过程具有促进作用;初级蛋白酶和次级蛋白酶会导致离体MnP迅速失活,且证实其中2种组分--丝氨酸蛋白酶和天冬氨酸蛋白酶--可导致离体MnP不稳定.     

好氧反硝化菌的脱氮特性研究与探讨

本论文对好氧反硝化菌株FR2,FX5,FW4在好氧条件下的反硝化特性进行了研究。结果表明：反硝化主要发生在菌体的对数生长期,且反硝化过程中NO2^--N有少量的积累。 对不同温度、pH、碳源对好氧反硝化作用的影响进行了研究,结果表明：该三株菌在好氧条件下均具有良好的反硝化效果;温度为25℃～30℃的中性和微碱性条件反硝化效果较好;以乙酸钠为碳源的反硝化效果最好,NO3^-N的去除率最高。以葡萄糖为碳源的反硝化效果最差,NO3^-N的去除率最低。     

Soil enzyme activities and their indication for fertility of urban forest soil

To reveal the biological characteristics of urban forest soil and the effects of soil enzyme on soil fertility as well as the correlation between physicochemical properties and enzyme activities, 44 urban forest soil profiles in Nanjing were investigated. Basic soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were analyzed in the laboratory. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase were determined by potassium permanganate titration, TTC (C₁₉H₁₅N₄·Cl) colorimetry, phenyl phosphate dinatrium colorimetry, and anthrone colorimetry, respectively. The result showed that soil pH, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) had great effects on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 0–20 cm thick soil. However, pH only had great effect on hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in 20–40 cm thick soil. Hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were important biological indicators for the fertility of urban forest soil. Both in 0–20 cmand 20–40 cmsoil, soil enzyme system (hydrogen peroxidase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and cellulase) had a close relationship with a combination of physicochemical indicators (pH, organic C, total N, available K, available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and microbial biomass carbon (C_mic)). The more soil enzyme activities there were, the higher the fertility of urban forest soil. __________ Translated from Urban Environment & Urban Ecology, 2007, 20(4): 4–6, 9 [译自: 城市环境与城市生态]     

Effect of streambed substrate on macroinvertebrate biodiversity

Macroinvertebrates are important components of stream ecosystems, and are often used as indicator species for the assessment of river ecology. Numerous studies have shown that substrate is the primary physical environmental variable affecting the taxa richness and density of macroinvertebrates. The aim of this work is to study the effects of the characteristics of streambed substrate, such as grain size, shape, and roughness, on the composition and biodiversity of macroinvertebrates. A field experiment was done on the Juma River, a second-order mountain stream in northern China. Substrata of cobbles, hewn stones, pebbles, coarse sand, and fine sand were used to replace the original gravel and sand bed in a stretch of 30 m in length. The sampling results indicated that the macroinvertebrate assemblage is significantly affected by the grain size, porosity and interstitial dimension of the substrate, while it is rarely affected by the shape and the surface roughness of the experimental substrata. Macroinvertebrate compositions in cobbles and hewn stones were stable and changed least over time. The taxa richness and density of individuals in the substrata of cobbles, hewn stones, and pebbles are much higher than in those of the coarse sand and fine sand. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2007, 47(9): 1553–1556 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属及酶活性的影响

改良物质添加在改善土壤理化性质的同时也可能会导致土壤重金属累积.实验设置了对照（CK）、有机肥（OM）、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥（PAM+OM）、秸秆覆盖+有机肥（SM+OM）、秸秆深埋+有机肥（BS+OM）和生物菌肥+有机肥（BM+OM）共6个处理方式,研究不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属和土壤酶活性的影响,以及二者之间的关系.结果表明,与CK处理相比,不同处理下土壤Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb含量呈现上升趋势,其中SM+OM和PAM+OM处理分别对Cr和Cu含量的影响最为显著,而BM+OM处理对Ni和Pb含量影响最为显著.与CK处理相比,改良物质添加后土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著上升,其中BM+OM处理效果最好;碱性磷酸酶活性呈现上升趋势,但上升程度较小;过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化.冗余分析表明前两轴累积可解释酶活性变异特征的70.3%,单一重金属对土壤酶活性影响的重要性大小依次为：Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.     

植物激素对平菇菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

采用固体平板和液体摇瓶培养方法,研究了赤霉素、2,4-D、吲哚乙酸和萘乙酸4种激素对平菇-126菌丝生长及酶活性的影响。结果表明,吲哚乙酸虽然能提高发酵液胞外蛋白的含量和过氧化物酶活性,但对菌丝的生长起抑制作用,这与吲哚乙酸能引起平菇菌丝裂解和细胞膜渗漏有关;萘乙酸、低浓度2,4-D能促进菌丝的伸长;萘乙酸、赤霉素在低浓度下也能促进菌丝的分枝,对菌丝的生长整体上起促进作用。除吲哚乙酸外,其他3种激素对平菇菌丝生长影响都有两重性：低浓度下能促进菌丝的生长,浓度过高则会对菌丝生长产生毒害作用。