硫氮沉降下西北荒漠煤矿区周边土壤性质的变化特点

近年来中国大部分区域大气硫、氮沉降速率趋于平稳甚至下降,但西北地区煤炭行业的快速发展使得硫、氮沉降速率加快.燃煤电厂作为酸前体物的主要排放源之一,在其周围开展硫、氮沉降效应研究,可为合理评价煤矿区大气污染物控制措施的实施效果提供数据支撑.该文以宁东能源化工基地3个燃煤电厂为采样点,研究了电厂周围土壤化学和生物学性质的变...     

豆腐废水廉价培养制备微生物絮凝剂的研究

从活性污泥中筛选出一株有高效絮凝活性的菌株,经鉴定为酵母属(Saccharomyces sp).以豆腐废水为廉价培养基培养高效菌产生微生物絮凝剂,含有絮凝活性物质的发酵液的上清液对4g/L高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达95.6%.正交实验表明,产生微生物絮凝剂的优化培养条件为:豆腐废水体积分数25%,初始pH值5.0,摇床速度160r/min,温度30℃.培养产生的微生物絮凝剂最佳收获时间为48 h.微生物絮凝剂在酸性和碱性环境中均有较好的适应性和热稳定性.     

C/N比对嗜酸细菌X-29产氢能力及其酶活性的影响

C/N比影响细菌的物质和能量代谢,为了提高产氢细菌的产氢效能,通过间歇产氢实验和酶活性分析方法,分析了在不同C/N比下嗜酸产氢细菌X-29的产氢能力以及氢化酶和乙醇脱氢酶的活性表达情况.研究结果表明,C/N比对产氢细菌的代谢及其相关酶的表达有显著的影响.虽然在不同C/N比下单位生物量的液相末端发酵产物差异不大,但是产氢能力存在显著的差异,当C/N比为14时产氢细菌X-29具有最大累积产氢量2 210.9mL/g.在不同C/N比下氢化酶的表达活性不同,氢化酶活性随着发酵的进行达到高峰后迅速降低,氢化酶的表达周期较短.乙醇脱氢酶活性随着代谢进程逐渐升高后而趋于平稳,不同C/N比时表达活性差异较小,表达周期较长.在C/N比为14时,氢化酶和乙醇脱氢酶的活性最高,分别为2.8μmol·(min·mg)^-1和33.2μmol·(min·mg)^-1.     

A study on cometabolic bioventing for the in situ remediation of trichloroethylene

Cometabolic bioventing for removal of TCE in the unsaturated zone was studied in a soil column study using methane as growth substrate. A numerical model was developed for simulating the behavior of TCE during cometabolic bioventing. The model parameters were estimated independently through laboratory batch experiments or from the literature. Simulations were found to provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The experimental data show that a total TCE remediation efficiency of over 95% was obtained. The volatilization-to-biodegradation ratio of TCE was about 7:1 and T _c values ranging from 0.0078 to 0.07 were obtained in this methane-driven system. Due to the toxicity of the high TCE concentrations to the microbial biomass in the initial stages of the experiment, cometabolic biodegradation was enhanced and was more efficient in the later stages of cometabolic bioventing.     

Biosorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto a lignocellulosic substrate extracted from wheat bran

We studied the removal of copper and zinc ions from aqueous solutions using a lignocellulosic substrate obtained by an acido-basic treatment of wheat bran. The sorption capacity of this material was investigated through batch and column experiments. Batch experimental results showed that the retention capacity of the lignocellulosic substrate was 0.20×10^–3 mol g^–1 at pH 4.5 for copper(II) and 0.24×10^–3 mol g^–1 at pH 6.5 for zinc(II). Column experiments showed a reduced sorption capacity for both ions compared to batch experiments. Batch and column data were analysed using the Langmuir equation in order to determine the affinity constant and the binding capacity of the sorbent and to compare both retention processes.     

Microbial Poly(L-Lactide)-Degrading Enzyme Induced by Amino Acids, Peptides, and Poly(L-Amino Acids)

Poly(L-lactide)(PLA)-degrading activities of a fungus, Tritirachium album, and two strains of actinomycetes,Lentzea waywayandensis and Amycolatopsis orientalis, were inducible by some proteins (poly-L-amino acid), peptides and amino acids. Extracellular PLA-degrading activity of the culture filtrates was detected when these strains grew in liquid basal medium containing 0.1% (w/v) of (poly-L-amino acids), peptides or amino acids as the enzyme inducer. In addition to PLA-degrading activity, succinyl-(L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine)-p-nitroanilide (Suc-(Ala)₃-pNA)-degrading activity was observed, implying that the enzymes produced were protease-type. The enzyme activities produced varied between different strains and different inducers. Silk fibroin was the best inducer for A. orientalis and that elastin was the best inducer for L. waywayandensis and T. album.     

DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A STREAM EXPOSED TO URBAN RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT: A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate community has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream bed. Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to four below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values are discussed with regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.     

聚乙烯微塑料对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

微塑料污染对土壤生态系统的威胁引起了广泛关注.为了明确聚乙烯微塑料对土壤性质的影响,通过为期4个月的土壤培养试验,探究不同质量分数（1 %、2.5 %、5 %）和粒径（30目、100目）聚乙烯微塑料对土壤化学性质、养分含量和酶活性的影响.结果表明:①100目2.5 %和5 %微塑料处理显著降低了土壤pH,不同质量分数和粒径聚乙烯微塑料添加对土壤电导率影响不显著.②相比于CK,添加微塑料会不同程度降低土壤速效钾、有效磷和硝态氮含量.添加100目微塑料显著增加了土壤有机质和铵态氮含量.③当微塑料粒径为100目时,相比于CK,不同质量分数处理均显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,5 %处理显著降低了土壤蔗糖酶活性.④土壤性质的变化受微塑料质量分数和粒径影响,质量分数越高、粒径越小,影响越显著.综上,聚乙烯微塑料对土壤性质的影响没有预期的明显,未来研究应重点关注不同影响所涉及的机制问题.     

土壤中草甘膦与镉的交互作用对3种土壤酶活性的影响

研究了两种土壤中草甘膦与镉交互作用对土壤三种酶活性的影响．结果发现,低浓度镉略促进乌栅土中的脲酶活性,而高浓度镉则显著抑制了其脲酶活性,当与草甘膦共存时,草甘膦的存在增强了镉对脲酶活性的抑制作用; 镉对红壤中脲酶活性的影响较小,而草甘膦单一或与Cd共存时均显著抑制了红壤中脲酶的活性．镉抑制了乌栅土中酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,而草甘膦的存在增加了镉的毒性,两者表现为协同作用;低浓度镉促进了红壤酸性磷酸酶活性,而高浓度镉则抑制了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,草甘膦的存在降低了红壤中镉的毒性,两者表现为颉颃作用．镉对红壤中碱性磷酸酶的活性影响较小．     

硒弹对工业氟污染区山羊有关血清酶及免疫机能的影响

为了探讨硒弹对山羊工业氟中毒的预防效果,把160只6—10月龄的本地山羊,分成一个对照组和三个补硒组,在氟重污染牧场上放牧18个月.同时,对一些血清酶及免疫功能进行了测定.补硒组与对照组相比,GSH-px及T-淋巴细胞转化率升高,而NAP.ALP、骨源性ALP、GOT降低.最后讨论了硒预防山羊氟中毒的机理及硒弹的应用前景.