Enzymatic and cellular level effects of nickel∗

The effects of Ni on hepatic enzymes of tilapia, viz. acid‐ and alkaline phosphatases, catalase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase, both under in vivo and in vitro conditions reflected the following tendencies. In vivo conditions indicated maximal increase in activity for acid phosphatase at 3.00 ppm, equivalent to 28.5%, followed by a slight decrease and increase thereafter. As for alkaline phosphatase, gradual increase in activity was observed with maximal activity at 9 ppm of Ni, equivalent to 16.8%. Catalase demonstrated similar tendencies with maximal activity at 9.0 ppm, equivalent to 101.2%. In the case of glucose‐6‐phosphatase, the tendency was the reverse with maximal inhibition at 9.00 ppm, i.e. 41.9%. In contrast to in vivo conditions, in vitro systems indicated that all investigated enzymes were inhibited in the region of 4–10% except for catalase which demonstrated a slight increase by 5–6% in activity between concentrations of 10–15 ppm of Ni but thereafter continuous inhibitory effects prevailed.

At cellular level, exposure of tilapia to a lethal dose of 9 ppm of Ni indicated not much of an adverse effect except for a slight depletion in fat and glycogen content. In the case of mitochondria, they were normal and a few large secondary lysosomes were observed. In relation to the cell membrane no dramatic change was detected.     

不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥特性与微生物群落的影响

以苯甲酸(BA)、邻苯二甲酸(PA)、连苯三甲酸(HA)、1-萘甲酸(1NA)为研究对象,探究了不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥理化特性与微生物群落的影响.结果表明,在40 d的接触实验中,1NA实验组对溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)的去除率为86.09％,与空白对照组相比降低了7％.4个实验组污泥疏松胞外聚合物(LB-EP...     

Effects of zinc stress on growth and antioxidant enzyme responses of Kandelia obovata seedlings

This study evaluated the tolerance and accumulation potential in the mangrove Kandelia obovata under moderate and high levels of external Zn. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a range of external Zn concentrations (0–400 mg L^?1) on the growth of this species by counting the lateral root number and measuring the root length, leaf area, and total dry biomass. We also determined the Zn accumulation in plant tissues. K. obovata survived with external Zn concentrations of up to 400 mg L^?1, although the excess metal resulted in a biomass reduction of 34%. A significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activities occurred in roots of plants under high-level Zn stress, suggesting that K. obovata seedlings could tolerate up to 200 mg L^?1 zinc treatment.     

闽北典型毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林土壤酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系

以中亚热带杉木林和常绿阔叶林为对照,对闽北典型毛竹林土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系进行研究,旨在探讨土壤酶活性作为竹林土壤肥力评价指标的可行性。结果表明:土壤酶活性空间差异因林分和酶而异,但整体随土层增加而减弱且差异显著;竹阔混交对提高土壤酶活性效果显著,4种酶活性均以竹阔混交林最强,杉木纯林最弱;树种组成、森林利用对土壤肥力影响显著,致使竹林土壤肥力以竹阔混交林最强,杉竹混交林次之,毛竹纯林最差,故经营竹林时可适当增加阔叶树比例;土壤酶活性尤其是蛋白酶和脲酶活性不仅与众多肥力指标显著相关,还与土壤肥力综合指数相关性显著,但它们并非该区林地土壤肥力评价的最佳指标。     

Biochemical responses,growth and reproduction of earthworm in low density polyethylene (LDPE)

There is an unprecedented production of plastic that is accelerating its disposal while affecting the fitness of the terrestrial as well as the aquatic environment. The term microplastics refers to plastic fragments that are less than 5 mm in size and are widely distributed in the environment. Therefore, the present study intends to explore the biological response of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) toward different concentrations of low-density polyethylene. E. fetida treated with low-density polyethylene concentration (Control), 250 mg kg⁻¹, 1000 mg kg⁻¹, 6000 mg kg⁻¹, 12,000 mg kg^−1, and 25,000 mg kg⁻¹. The above ratios were thoroughly mixed with 1kg of artificial soil and tested for growth, reproduction (cocoons and hatchling count), and enzymatic activities namely superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase and molecular docking studies. No mortality was observed during the exposure period at any concentrations. On the 28th day, when compared to the control the highest decrease in body weight of earthworms was observed in 25,000 mg (28.4%) followed by 12,000 mg (12.2%) and 6000 mg (3.4%). The cocoon and hatchlings significantly declined as the dose of microplastics increases. Enzymatic activity such as SOD and POD showed declined trend as the dose increased, while GST and GR increased with an increase in microplastic concentrations on 28th day. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that LDPE can modulate the activity of all four enzymes significantly.     

Effects of copper, manganese and pH on the growth and several enzyme activities of mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum Fr.

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Effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that acts as an insecticide-acaricide by ingestion, contact, and inhalation, and is now widely used in greenhouse for the control of pests. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in crops such as orange fruit （Martinez-Vidal et al., 1998）, tomatoes（Aysal et al., 1999）, soil and its effects on soil microbial characteristics （Singh et al., 2002） has been reported frequently. However, little information is available to describe impacts of chlorpyrifos on soil microbial population and enzyme activity in greenhouse. In this study, the effect of chlorpyrifos on soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and soil enzyme activity was investigated.     

增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响

为研究增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响,于2014-11~2015-05进行田间试验.设置对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理,观测了不同处理下土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤湿度(体积含水量)的季节动态,并在拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期观测了不同处理下的土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.结果表明,对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理的季节平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.46、1.96、1.92、2.45μmol·(m2·s)-1.方差分析表明,增温处理与对照、秸秆施用处理与对照、增温及秸秆施用处理与对照3对处理之间的季节平均土壤呼吸速率均存在显著差异(P0.05).不同处理下土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系均可用指数回归方程拟合,指数回归方程可分别解释对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理土壤呼吸34.3%、28.1%、24.6%、32.0%的变异.增温、秸秆施用比对照处理显著(P0.05)提高了脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.土壤呼吸与脲酶活性存在线性回归关系,其P值为0.061,接近显著水平;土壤呼吸与转化酶(P=0.013)、过氧化氢酶活性(P=0.002)均存在极显著的线性回归关系.     

缙云山柑橘林土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)及酶活性的季节变化特征

土壤微生物和土壤酶作为土壤生态环境最重要的组成成分,对环境变化敏感.本文以缙云山柑橘林为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法并结合主成分分析方法,分析季节更替对柑橘林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的土壤微生物数量、群落结构特征及酶活性等的影响.结果表明:1季节更替对土壤微生物有显著影响(P0.05),16:0、i17:0、16:1 2OH、18:0、cy19:0ω8c、i17:1ω9c或16:0 10-methyl为4个季节共有PLFAs,含量之和分别占PLFAs的49.57%、41.63%、35.41%和38.05%.各微生物种类中,细菌PLFA比例最高,其次为真菌PLFA,放线菌PLFA比例最低,且均具有显著的季节变化特征,柑橘林土壤PLFAs总量变幅为6.868~24.085 nmol·g-1,大小顺序为春季秋季冬季夏季,细菌PLFAs、G-、G+及放线菌PLFAs也呈现一致的变化规律,但真菌PLFAs则表现为秋季最高,其次是冬季和夏季,春季最低.季节更替对微生物群落多样性指数亦产生显著影响,丰富度指数(R)随季节变化依次为春冬秋夏,多样性指数(H')随季节变化表现出冬秋春夏,均匀度指数(J)表现为夏秋冬春,优势度指数(D)则随季节表现为直线升高的变化趋势.2土壤脲酶随季节变化表现为夏季春季秋季冬季;土壤蔗糖酶、土壤过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随季节变化均表现为秋季最高,其次是春季、夏季,冬季最低.3主成分分析结果表明细菌PLFAs、G+、G-、放线菌PLFAs和总PLFAs对土壤肥力贡献最大,其次是蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和真菌PLFAs,贡献最小为脲酶.     

厌氧氨氧化菌的培养与推流式反应器氨厌氧工艺

采用推流式固定化絮体生物反应器培养出高活性的厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)红色颗粒污泥.在稳定运行后,反应器的NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率皆大于98%,TN平均去除率为86%,NO₃^--N的生成率约为14%,TN去除负荷达2.56kg/(m³·d).同时考察了进水基质比例对反应器性能的影响,并用扫描电镜观察了颗粒结构.