ZnO纳米粒子通过线粒体通路抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性的作用研究

氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子已被发现具有生物毒性,氧化应激被认为是最重要的因素之一。前期实验证实,ZnO纳米粒子能显著减少锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)蛋白的表达,降低Mn SOD活性。本文通过检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放、线粒体活性氧(ROS)水平和膜电位(Δφm)、延迟整流钾电流变化和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性等变化,检测ZnO纳米粒子对小鼠光感受器细胞的细胞毒作用。结果表明,ZnO纳米粒子可显著增强小鼠光感受器细胞中LDH的释放、增加线粒体内ROS水平并下调Δφm、阻断延迟整流钾电流,同时降低Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性,从而对小鼠视网膜光感受器细胞产生细胞毒作用,提示ZnO纳米粒子可通过线粒体通路引起氧化应激,从而抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性,产生细胞毒性,导致细胞死亡。本文的研究结果有助于理解ZnO纳米粒子引起细胞毒性的作用机理。     

标准化测试种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验的基质应用研究

种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验是研究和评价新化学物质对陆生生物危害性的重要手段之一。为探究在标准化测试中能否使用非推荐基质,以及使用推荐基质时能否用灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,选取8种植物种子在5种基质中进行试验。结果表明,不同基质对种子发芽率的影响较小,但基质较低的养分含量和特殊的物理结构易对部分种子根长形成胁迫,甚至直接制约根系发育。生菜、水稻在5种基质中的发芽率和根长无显著性差异;绿豆、甘蓝、西瓜在酸洗石英砂中的根长分别为25.1、24.5、29.0 mm,在其余4种基质中根长显著缩短;青瓜在吸水纸和发芽纸中发芽率偏低,仅为83.3%;玉米在酸洗石英砂和灭菌石英砂中的发芽率和根长无明显差异,为100%/45.7 mm和93.3%/44.8 mm,其他基质中显著偏低。标准化测试条件下,以推荐的酸洗石英砂上各种子的发芽率和根长为评判依据,生菜和水稻试验可使用本研究中任意基质,绿豆、甘蓝和西瓜试验仅可使用酸洗石英砂作为基质,青瓜和玉米试验可使用干热灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,并且青瓜试验还可使用滤纸基质。以上结果为测试机构在工作实践中优化试验条件提供理论依据。     

基于CSTR反应器鸡粪秸秆共消化产甲烷特性及菌群变化研究

基于实际工程通过控制有机负荷对不同配比鸡粪和玉米秸秆 （VS比分别为1：0、5：2、1：1）进行联合厌氧消化,分析了不同VS比变化对水解酶活性及微生物动态群落变化的影响,并确定了鸡粪秸秆联合厌氧消化的最优配比.结果表明,当VS比为1：1时,碳氮比 （C/N）为17,此时甲烷日产量峰值为31.46 L,累计产甲烷量为940.96 L,产甲烷效果最好,为最优配比;对比3组实验秸秆表面结构降解情况,C3 （VS比=1：1）组各水解酶活性均高于C1 （VS比=1：0）和C2 （VS比=5：2）组,且Megasphaera和Bacteroides作为纤维素酶主要分泌菌属相对丰度较高,纤维素酶活性峰值达到258.94 U·mL^-1,使秸秆中的纤维素和木质素得到有效降解;秸秆含量增加提高了水解细菌多样性,降低了古菌多样性,Lactobacillus属于Bacteroidetes门,由于其具有较好的抗逆性在C2和C3组丰度较高,能够作为水解产酸阶段的优势菌属;C3组产甲烷古菌丰度变化较为稳定,在实验中期以食氢产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要有Methanosphaera和Methanobrevibacter,实验后期以食乙酸产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要为Methanosaeta、Methanospirillum和Methanoregula.     

PbO2电极的制备及电催化氧化降解水中间甲酚

以钛网为基体,锡锑氧化层为底层,采用电沉积法制备了不同的PbO₂电极,探索了制备条件对电极的影响。实验结果表明：在电流密度75 mA/cm²、电沉积温度85 ℃、电沉积时间30 min的条件下,制备的电极表面晶粒大小适中并呈现出较好的“金字塔”形貌和结晶度,具有最好的电催化氧化降解效果（间甲酚转化率85.65%、TOC去除率16.51%）和最低的能耗（0.97 kW·h/g,以TOC计）,并在重复降解实验中表现出较好的稳定性。自制PbO₂电极的各项指标均优于商品化PbO₂电极,且TOC去除率是商品化电极的2.9倍,而能耗仅为其1/3.6。     

构建湿地去除酞酸酯的基质微生物和酶机制研究

随着塑料制品的广泛使用，酞酸酯的污染越来越引起人们的广泛关注。目前，DBP(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)和DEHP(邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯)已成为全球最普遍的污染物之一。报告了复合垂直流构建湿地对含酞酸酯(DBP等)的污水污染的去除效果，以及湿地去除酞酸酯的基质微生物和酶方面的净化机理。具体结果如下：复合垂直流构建湿地对酞酸酯污染具有较好的净化效果，去除率高达99．9％以上；构建湿地对酞酸酯的净化主要发生在氧气含量相对较多的下行流池，上行流他的净化作用相对较差；同时分层实验还发现，构建湿地的净化作用主要集中在湿地上层基质中。通过研究，为进一步研究利用构建湿地处理酞酸酯污染提供了有益的参考。     

附着藻类对湖水磷浓度的影响

利用聚乙烯网作为人工基质,在水池建立附着藻类群落,研究了附着藻类对湖水中磷的去除效应。实验设置3个处理,即无人工基质的对照组(CG)、网目孔径为8.48mm的人工基质组(大孔径组,LMSG)和网目孔径为2.83mm的人工基质组(小孔径组,SMSG),各组的P输入负荷均为5mg/(m·3d)。结果表明:SMSG的附着藻类生物量平均值为6.23μg/cm2,LMSG的为5.93μg/cm2,SMSG的虽然高于LMSG的,但二者无显著差异;有人工基质的两组处理中总磷、总溶解磷、溶解性反应磷、颗粒态磷浓度均显著低于无附着藻类的CG,各形态磷浓度比CG的减少了37%以上,LMSG和SMSG中的浮游藻类生物量比CG的低64%以上,但LMSG和SMSG之间没有显著差异。研究说明,通过建立人工基质,构建附着藻类群落可以有效降低湖水的磷浓度。     

外加酶强化剩余污泥水解的研究

采用向污泥中外加酶强化污泥水解的处理方式,考察了单一酶和复合酶的加入对城市污水厂剩余污泥的破解及减量化的影响,并探讨了酶水解过程动力学.结果表明,外加酶可以促进污泥中悬浮固体的溶解和大分子有机物的降解.当酶最佳投加量(以TS中加入酶量计)为60 mg/g时,淀粉酶比蛋白酶的水解效果好,SCOD/TCOD由16.3%上升到22.3%,VSS去除率由39.8%提高到54.24%.同时,复合酶的水解效果较单一酶的效果好,当水解温度为50℃,蛋白酶和淀粉酶的比例为1∶3时,水解效果最佳,VSS去除率达68.43%,还原糖、NH+4-N浓度分别由37.29和47.60 mg/L增加至177.8和143.43 mg/L.酶水解过程的前4 h,蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力均呈上升趋势,符合一级反应动力学,水解4 h左右达最大值,分别为2.57 U/mL和4.64U/mL,之后酶活力逐渐下降.     

植物废料应用于白腐真菌处理难降解有机污染物

综述了植物废料在白腐真菌处理难降解有机污染物反应体系中的应用优势以及研究现状,指出目前国内外相关研究存在的问题主要集中在植物废料的选材、投量、染菌以及废渣最终处理等方面,因此解决以上方面中的瓶颈将是今后植物废料固定化白腐真菌处理难降解有机污染物的主要研究方向。     

Effect of substrate COD/N ratio on performance and microbial community structure of a membrane aerated biofilm reactor

Two parallel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactors were operated at well-defined conditions to investigate the e ect of substrate COD/N ratios on the performance and microbial community structure of the bioreactor. Results showed that at substrate COD/N of 5, organic and nitrogen could be eliminated simultaneously, and COD removal degree, nitrification and denitrification e ciency reached 85%, 93% and 92%, respectively. With increasing substrate COD/N ratios, the specific oxygen utilization rates of nitrifying bacteria in biofilm were found to decrease, indicating that nitrifying population became less dominant. At substrate COD/N ratio of 6, excessive heterotrophs inhibited the activity of nitrifying bacteria greatly and thus led to poor nitrification process. With the help of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira were identified as dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the biofilm at substrate COD/N of 0, whereas only Nitrosospira were detected in the biofilm at COD/N ratio of 5. Nitrospira were present as dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in our study. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that at substrate COD/N ratio of 0 nitrifying bacteria existed throughout the biofilm and that at COD/N ratio of 5 they were mainly distributed in the inner layer of biofilm.     

Joint effects of cadmium and lead on seedlings of four Chinese cabbage cultivars in northeastern China

In northeastern China, large area of vegetable land has been simultaneously polluted by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Joint e ects of Cd and Pb on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) were investigated using the seed germination and sand culture method. Four Chinese cabbage cultivars including Kangbingjinchun (KB), Dongyangchunxia (DY), Qinglvwang (QL) and Qiangshi (QS) from Shenyang in northeastern China were adopted in this study. The results showed that there were positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rate of biomass, root and shoot elongation and the concentrations of Cd and Pb. In particular, root elongation was more sensitive to joint stress of Cd and Pb. The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP) and proline (PRO) changed significantly with increasing exposure concentration of Cd and Pb. The decrement in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, the content of SP and accumulation of MDA were relatively low in KB and QS. PRO played an important role in resisting Cd and Pb stress.