大型溞对水环境中抗生素抗性菌与抗性基因的摄食与去除

原后生动物是污水生物处理系统中的常见生物,了解它们是否能够摄食与去除抗生素抗性菌(ARB)和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs),对于建立藉捕食作用的ARB和ARGs去除技术具有重要意义.本研究以大型溞作为代表生物,探究了其对ARB和ARGs的摄食、去除效果与机制.使用荧光抗性菌直接观察其摄食过程,证实大型溞对ARB的摄食与富集...     

粪大肠菌群酶底物法在环境应急监测中的应用

结合国外粪大肠菌群的酶底物检测方法,针对某次突发环境污染事件,用酶底物法和标准方法多管发酵法同步检测受污染地表水中的粪大肠菌群,讨论酶底物法在应急监测中检测粪大肠菌群的适用性。结果表明,两种方法的测定数据显著相关,没有统计学差异（ P＞0．05）。相对于多管发酵法,酶底物法特异性强,检测时间短,二次污染少,符合应急监测的要求。     

粘质沙雷氏菌酶促过氧化氢降解对氨基苯酚的研究

利用源于粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)AB 90027的酶催化过氧化氢氧化降解对氨基苯酚,对降解过程的影响因素和对氨基苯酚的降解途径进行了研究,并分析了酶在细胞中的存在位置.结果表明,降解500mg·l-1对氨基苯酚溶液50ml,其适宜的条件为:H2O23ml,温度40℃-60℃,pH 9.0-10.0;在酶的催化作用下,H2O2氧化对氨基苯酚首先生成对苯醌,进一步氧化生成顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、草酸等有机酸并最终转化为CO2和H2O.可催化降解对氨基苯酚的酶为胞外酶.     

微生物降解藻毒素的研究进展

介绍了近几年国内外非生物法处理和控制藻毒素污染的研究近况,阐述了微生物降解藻毒素的可行性、菌种筛选、降解机理及参与细菌降解藻毒素的酶,提出了今后在微生物控制及处理藻毒素方面值得进一步研究和需要关注的问题。     

人工湿地中氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果

人工湿地去除有机氮主要由于氨化细菌的作用.为了了解人工湿地中氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果,对人工湿地基质中5株氮化细菌进行了初步鉴定,比较了不同氨化细菌去除有机氮的效果,氨化细菌去除有机氮的量通过其生成的NH4< >-N来衡量.结果表明,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为人工湿地中氧化细菌的优势菌属;氨化细蒲-1、氨化细菌-2及氨化细菌-5对有机氮的去除效果相对较好,分别达到46.2%、49.4%和52.6%.添加沸石对玄除氨氮有明显效果,从而能够提高有机氮的去除率.     

Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings stressed by two typical personal care products (PCPs) – triclosan (TCS) and galaxolide (HHCB) were experimentally investigated to assess their ecological risks. The results showed that wheat shoot and root elongation was significantly inhibited by 50–250 mg L⁻¹ TCS and HHCB. Wheat roots were sensitive to TCS, while shoots were sensitive to HHCB. The median effect concentration (EC₅₀) of TCS and HHCB based on the inhibition of their sensitive sites were 147.8 and 143.4 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, the damage of wheat seedlings treated by low concentration of TCS and HHCB during a long period cannot be neglected. After a 21-d exposure, 0.2–3.0 mg L⁻¹ TCS and HHCB treatment caused the damage to the accumulation of chlorophyll (CHL), the synthesis of soluble protein (SP), and the activity of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutases (SOD) in different degree. However, different changing trends of these physiological indexes treated by different PCPs were observed after 7-d to 14-d exposures, especially the activity of POD and SOD. The activity of POD and SOD in wheat leaves and roots decreased with an increase in the concentration of TCS and the exposure time. However, the enzyme activities in wheat leaves treated by 0.2–3.0 mg L⁻¹ HHCB increased after a 14-d exposure, and with the prolongation of exposure time, the enzyme activities significantly decreased. The variations in these physiological indexes of wheat could be considered as good biomarkers of serious stress by TCS and HHCB in the environment.     

Influence of earthworm mucus and amino acids on tomato seedling growth and cadmium accumulation

The effects on the growth of tomato seedlings and cadmium accumulation of earthworm mucus and a solution of amino acids matching those in earthworm mucus was studied through a hydroponic experiment. The experiment included four treatments: 5 mg Cd L⁻¹ (CC), 5 mg Cd L⁻¹ + 100 mL L⁻¹ earthworm mucus (CE), 5 mg Cd L⁻¹ + 100 mL L⁻¹ amino acids solution (CA) and the control (CK). Results showed that, compared with CC treatment, either earthworm mucus or amino acids significantly increased tomato seedling growth and Cd accumulation but the increase was much higher in the CE treatment compared with the CA treatment. This may be due to earthworm mucus and amino acids significantly increasing the chlorophyll content, antioxidative enzyme activities, and essential microelement uptake and transport in the tomato seedlings. The much greater increase in the effect of earthworm mucus compared with amino acid treatments may be due to IAA-like substances in earthworm mucus.     

酶底物法检测地表水粪便污染的适用性探讨

为探讨酶底物法检测地表水粪便污染的适用性,采用酶底物法与多管发酵法同步检测了长江南京段、秦淮河、玄武湖等水中大肠菌群。结果显示：在多数情况下,酶底物法检测结果略低于多管发酵法,两种方法没有统计学差异（P〉0．05）;与多管发酵法相比,酶底物法检测粪便污染特异性强、时间周期短、二次污染小、简便快速,适于推广应用。     

植物酯酶片快速测定蔬菜上有机磷农药

介绍了一种能简便快速测定蔬菜表面有机磷农药的植物酯酶片。它具有价格低,易获取,稳定性好等特点,适用于田间、农贸市场和家庭无仪器设备条件下检测有机磷农药的危险水平。对常用几种有机磷农药,其检测限在０．０６ｍｇ／ｋｇ￣１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ范围。     

人工湿地系统在我国污水处理中的应用

介绍了人工湿地系统在我国污水处理中的应用现状 ,认为设计方案、基质、水生植物的选用以及微生物降解等方面 ,是决定人工湿地系统净化效果的主要因素 ,最后指出了目前该法在全国各地推广的难度、存在的问题及解决这些问题的途径。