人工湿地中试系统基质中藻类组成的研究

从2003年3月到2004年2月，在水力负荷为600mm／d的条件下研究了人工湿地中试系统（medium scale plot，MSP）基质中藻类的组成．结果表明，栅藻、小球藻、盘星藻、空星藻、纤维藻、舟行藻、小环藻、平裂藻和颤藻属的一些种类在下行池基质各层不同季节均有出现，下行池表层藻类较丰；上行池基质中不同季节的藻类组成中念珠藻和鱼腥藻均为固氮种类，菱板藻、舟行藻和卵形藻属的一些种类在上行池表层出现较多，上行池藻类组成较下行池少．本实验探讨了在人工湿地基质中存在的藻类组成，为湿地除藻机理和评估系统的稳定性提供参考．图1表2参10     

酶底物法检测地表水粪便污染的适用性探讨

为探讨酶底物法检测地表水粪便污染的适用性,采用酶底物法与多管发酵法同步检测了长江南京段、秦淮河、玄武湖等水中大肠菌群。结果显示：在多数情况下,酶底物法检测结果略低于多管发酵法,两种方法没有统计学差异（P〉0．05）;与多管发酵法相比,酶底物法检测粪便污染特异性强、时间周期短、二次污染小、简便快速,适于推广应用。     

植物酯酶片快速测定蔬菜上有机磷农药

介绍了一种能简便快速测定蔬菜表面有机磷农药的植物酯酶片。它具有价格低,易获取,稳定性好等特点,适用于田间、农贸市场和家庭无仪器设备条件下检测有机磷农药的危险水平。对常用几种有机磷农药,其检测限在０．０６ｍｇ／ｋｇ￣１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ范围。     

Toxicity and biochemical impact of certain oxime carbamate pesticides against terrestrial snail,Theba pisana (Müller)

Abstract

The bran toxic baits (0.5 % w/w) of five oxime carbamate pesticides; aldicarb, aldoxycarb, methomyl, oxamyl and thiofanox were tested for their molluscicidal activity against Theba pisana snails under Laboratory conditions. In addition, the in vivo effects of these compounds on seven vital enzymes namely Acetylcholin‐esterase (AchE), glutathion‐S‐transferase (GST), glutamic oxlaoacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (AIP), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of the snail tissue were also investigated after 1,3, and 5 days of exposure. The results showed that methomyl was the most potent candidate, whereas thiofanox was the least effective one against the snails. LT₅₀’s values of aldicarb, aldoxycarb, methomyl, oxamyl and thiofanox were 5.77, 4.69, 2.31, 3.97 and 6.67 days, respectively. Results of the potency of the tested pesticides against AchE activity were in harmony with the toxicity of these compounds to snails. AchE, AcP, and AIP activities were inhibited by the tested pesticides. GST activity was inhibited by aldicarb but stimulated by oxamyl and thiofanox. Methomyl and oxamyl lead to significant elevation of GOT and GPT, whereas thiofanox treated snail induced a reduction of both enzymes activities. Aldicarb and aldoxycarb caused significant induction of ATPase activity.     

Hepatic monooxygenase (CYP1A and CYP3A) and UDPGT enzymatic activities as biomarkers for long-term carbofuran exposure in tench (Tinca tinca L)

The effect of a long-term exposure of tenchs to different concentrations (10 and 100 μ g/L) of the pesticide carbofuran has been evaluated. Microsomal hepatic cytochrome P450 subfamily 1A (CYP1A) and 3A (CYP3A) activities, as well as the phase II enzyme uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activity were evaluated as adequate biomarkers of fish exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the pesticide carbofuran in freshwater ecosystems. A clear time-dependent inhibition of both CYP1A and UDPGT activities was observed in fish exposed to the highest dose of carbofuran with respect to controls, whereas in the case of CYP3A activity, values of exposed animals did not show a clear pattern of alteration during the experiment. The results of the present study demonstrated that hepatic CYP1A and UDPGT activities from tench could be considered as sensitive biomarkers for carbamate pesticides in polluted water, thus allowing future and ecologically relevant biomonitoring studies with this species.     

不同白腐真菌复配方式对产酶的影响

通过对1株和由多株白腐真菌复配共同参与下的复合菌产酶量和达到最高酶活所需时间进行比较,筛选出白腐真菌最佳产酶的复配方式.结果表明,青顶拟多孔菌和糙皮侧耳菌两株菌相互发生协同作用,促进漆酶的分泌,产酶量为50.45U·mL-1;青顶拟多孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌和偏肿拟栓菌这3株菌在分泌过程中促进作用大于抑制作用,产酶量最高为75.98U·mL-1;青顶拟多孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌和血红密孔菌三者相互之间出现拮抗作用,产酶量最低为2.91 U·mL-1;实验证明,在白腐真菌之间既存在拮抗作用,也存在协同作用,因此达到最高酶活所用时间也不同.     

微生物燃料电池研究进展

微生物燃料电池能够在处理有机污染物的同时回收电能,这种变废为宝的优势使其成为研究的热点。文章回顾了微生物燃料电池的发展历程,着重从反应器构型与材料、运行条件及电子传递机制等方面,系统地阐述了近年来研究的动向与进展,总结了微生物燃料电池可应用的领域,并针对当前研究的不足与面临的问题,提出了今后微生物燃料电池的发展方向与应用前景。     

布洛芬对黄颡鱼I相代谢酶及其抗氧化系统的影响

使用环境相关浓度水平(0.05、0.5、5、50 μg· L-1)的布洛芬(Ibuprofen,IBU)对黄颡鱼进行水体暴露,研究IBU对黄颡鱼Ⅰ相代谢酶及其抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,随着暴露时间的延长,IBU对黄颡鱼肝脏Ⅰ相代谢P450酶系的氨基比林-N-脱甲基酶(APND)、红霉素-N-脱甲基酶(ERND)、7-乙氧基-异吩噁唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)和Ⅱ相代谢谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)均表现出先诱导后抑制的作用.暴露24 h时,IBU浓度为5 μg· L-1实验组对Ⅰ相代谢酶APND和ERND的诱导程度最大.当暴露时间达到168 h时,0.5 μg·L-1浓度组中APND和ERND活性均受到极显著抑制.Ⅰ相代谢酶EROD活性在暴露24 h后,除0.05 μg· L-1浓度组无明显变化外,其它浓度组皆受到显著诱导,随着暴露时间延长到168 h时,逐渐恢复到初始水平.GST活性在暴露24 h后,除0.05 μg·L-1浓度组外,其它浓度组均受到最大程度的诱导,过氧化氢酶(CAT)在暴露168 h时被显著诱导.各浓度组丙二醛(MDA)含量在暴露24 h时较对照组显著下降,72 h时其含量达到最高值.其中,ERND响应较为敏感,适合作为布洛芬暴露的生物标记物.     

抑制剂对铝胁迫下油菜根系代谢有机酸和相关酶活性的影响

采用水培法,研究两个油菜品种华油2790(铝敏感型)和中双7号(耐铝型),在4个铝浓度(0、50、100、200μmol· L-1)和外源抑制剂Mersal(5.μmol·L-1)复合处理下,根系分泌柠檬酸、苹果酸、总有机酸和4种根系代谢相关酶的活性变化.实验结果显示:短期、低浓度的铝胁迫使油菜根系分泌的柠檬酸、苹果酸、总有机酸含量,以及代谢相关酶活性总体上有所增加,但随着时间的延长和铝浓度的增加,均有所降低.加入Mersal后,与单铝处理相比,柠檬酸含量下降,苹果酸含量增加,柠檬酸合酶(Citrate acid,CS)、苹果酸脱氢酶(Malate dehydrogenase,MDH)、乌头酸酶(Aconitase,ACO)活性下降、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPCase)活性有所增加.结果证明:抑制剂Mersal加重了铝毒对油菜的伤害,破坏了油菜根系代谢中有机酸对铝毒的缓解机制,且在铝敏感品种华油2790中表现更明显,油菜主要可以通过调节根系分泌物的组分,增加苹果酸等的分泌,调控PEPCase的活性等来应对低浓度,短时间的铝胁迫,随着铝浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,铝毒害进一步加深     

高氨氮对具有回流的PN-ANAMMOX串联工艺的脱氮影响

采用具有气升回流的部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺研究了进水氨氮浓度对其氮素转化特性和微生物群落的影响.结果表明,在恒定氮容积负荷2.8 kg·(m3·d)-1的条件下,当进水氨氮浓度上升到700 mg·L-1时,好氧区和厌氧区的p H值波动很小,FA浓度分别维持在5 mg·L-1、10 mg·L-1左右,未对功能微生物产生抑制.好氧区的亚硝酸盐生成速率稳定在1.5kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区的氮去除速率稳定在31.49 kg·(m3·d)-1,联合工艺的总氮去除速率稳定在1.67 kg·(m3·d)-1.当进水氨氮浓度上升到900 mg·L-1时,各区域FA和FNA浓度才出现上升,联合工艺的总氮去除速率稳定在1.52 kg·(m3·d)-1.厌氧区出现亚硝酸盐的积累,厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性未出现明显的抑制现象.说明在联合工艺运行过程中,回流可有效地缓解各区域p H值的大幅波动,同时稀释了高氨氮浓度所形成的FA对功能微生物的毒性作用.