Synthesis of iron composites on nano-pore substrates: Identification and its application to removal of cyanide

Two types of nano-pore substrates, waste-reclaimed (WR) and soil mineral (SM) with the relatively low density, were modified by the reaction with irons (i.e. Fe(II):Fe(III) = 1:2) and the applicability of the modified substrates (i.e. Fe-WR and Fe-SM) on cyanide removal was investigated. Modification (i.e. Fe immobilization on substrate) decreased the BET surface area and PZC of the original substrates while it increased the pore diameter and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of them. XRD analysis identified that maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) and iron silicate composite ((Mg, Fe)SiO₃) existed on Fe-WR, while clinoferrosilite (FeSiO₃) was identified on Fe-SM. Cyanide adsorption showed that WR adsorbed cyanide more favorably than SM. The adsorption ability of both original substrates was enhanced by the modification, which increased the negative charges of the surfaces. Without the pH adjustment, cyanide was removed as much as 97% by the only application of Fe-WR, but the undesirable transfer to hydrogen cyanide was possible because the pH was dropped to around 7.5. With a constant pH of 12, only 54% of cyanide was adsorbed on Fe-WR. On the other hand, the pH was kept as 12 without adjustment in Fe-WR/H₂O₂ system and cyanide was effectively removed by not only adsorption but also the catalytic oxidation. The observed first-order rate constant (k_obs) for cyanide removal were 0.49 (±0.081) h⁻¹. Moreover, the more cyanate production with the modified substrates indicated the iron composites, especially maghemite, on substrates had the catalytic property to increase the reactivity of H₂O₂.     

4-壬基酚对拟柱胞藻生长、抗氧化酶和光合作用的影响及机理

为探究4-壬基酚对入侵水华蓝藻拟柱胞藻的影响,对不同浓度(0.00、0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00、2.00 mg·L~(-1)) 4-壬基酚处理96 h后的拟柱胞藻叶绿素a、抗氧化酶和光合作用进行测定。结果表明,4-壬基酚对拟柱胞藻96 h半数效应浓度(96 h-EC_(50))为0.457 mg·L~(-1)。高浓度处理(0.50 mg·L~(-1))时,拟柱胞藻叶绿素a含量、最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)、光合效率(α)、最大相对电子传递速率(rE TRmax)、半饱和光强(Ik)、RC/Cs0、ET0/RC、ΦP0、ΦE0、ψ0和Sm/t(F_m)均显著下降被显著抑制,而光合系统Ⅱ中ABS/RC、DI0/RC和TR0/RC均显著增加,同时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性随着浓度增加明显上升。而低浓度处理下(0.10 mg·L~(-1)),拟柱胞藻的叶绿素a含量、光合效率、最大相对电子传递速率和半饱和光强增加。这些结果表明高浓度4-壬基酚处理下,拟柱胞藻的叶绿素合成受阻,光合色素减少,光合反应中心结构受损,Q-A大量累积,光合效率下降,抑制藻细胞的光合作用,导致了拟柱胞藻生长受到阻碍,而低浓度壬基酚处理下,则可能表现出低剂量毒物兴奋效应。     

木薯渣高效降解复合菌系RXS的氮源优化

传统培养木薯渣降解复合菌系的蛋白胨纤维素(PCS)培养基成本较高,其主要成本来源于氮源——蛋白胨和酵母粉,限制了复合菌系的规模化应用.为解决此问题,从对木薯渣降解复合菌系RXS生长、产酶及底物降解的影响3个方面比较了胰蛋白胨/酵母粉及8种廉价氮源.结果表明,比较适宜的廉价氮源为鱼粉和玉米浆.接着探究了二者的复配比例对RXS的影响,并获得一种廉价培养基.考虑到为调节pH值和促进产酶添加的试剂对甲烷菌的毒害作用,以高温厌氧消化出水作为配料水以调节pH值,并比较了RXS在廉价培养基和PCS培养基上对木薯渣的降解效果.最终所得廉价培养基组成为木薯渣10 g/L、滤纸5 g/L、鱼粉4 g/L、玉米浆3.5 g/L,高温厌氧消化出水作为配料水.经成本核算,廉价培养基的成本仅为PCS培养基的1/6.并且复合菌系在廉价培养基上对木薯渣的降解率较PCS培养基提高了约37％.就工业化生产而言,该培养基不仅显示了对木质纤维素物质较好的降解效果,还节约了成本和减少了水的用量.     

酶底物法与多管发酵法和纸片法监测环境水样大肠菌群的比较

用标准菌株对比了酶底物法和多管发酵法及快速纸片法,监测分析了分组环境水样中的大肠菌群。结果表明,酶底物法操作快速、简单、结果稳定、无二次污染,能满足水质监测和应急监测的需求。     

Cd、Zn、Pb单因素及复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

通过Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ单因素处理和复合因素处理的对比性研究发现,无论是单因素或复因素对土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序均为 Ｃｄ＞ Ｚｎ＞ Ｐｂ;在所研究的 ４种土壤酶中,脲酶受重金属的抑制作用最为敏感; Ｃｄ、 Ｚｎ、 Ｐｂ复合污染与各单因素的影响有较大差异,同时,Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ复合污染对４种土壤酶活性的影响效应亦不同。其复合污染对脲酶表现出协同抑制负效应的特征;对过氧化氢表现出一定的屏蔽作用或拮抗作用;转化酶和碱性磷酸酶主要因Ｃｄ浓度的变化而变化。     

基质在人工湿地处理生活污水中的研究现状

基质是人工湿地的重要组成部分,本文总结了基质对氮、磷的去除作用,并对解决基质的堵塞问题提出几点建议,最后总结基质的选择方法。     

低温胁迫对番茄光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

根据番茄对低温的反应,于2010年10月-2011年3月间,设计了人工控制试验系统以研究低温胁迫(5℃,7℃,9℃,11℃)对设施番茄光合色素含量、最大光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性的影响,为设施番茄低温致灾气象指标的确定提供依据。结果表明:不同低温胁迫下叶绿素a,Chla/Chlb和最大光合速率均存在不同程度的降低,而叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量则有所升高。低温5℃处理3 d和7℃处理4 d后番茄最大光合速率均为负值,经过25℃恢复5 d后仍无显著升高;低温9℃、11℃胁迫下番茄最大光合速率随处理天数的增加而降低,且经过5 d的恢复处理后最大光合速率可以基本恢复至正常水平。叶绿素荧光参数分析表明,低温胁迫降低了PSII的原始光能转换效率和潜在活性,番茄的Fv/Fm,qP,ETR均显著降低,且随胁迫温度和胁迫时间的不同,Fv/Fm,qP,ETR的变化程度有所不同。不同低温胁迫使得番茄SOD,POD,CAT,MDA酶的活性均有不同程度升高,且温度越低,处理时间越长,升高幅度越大。因此,低温5℃处理3 d或者低温7℃处理4 d是番茄发生严重冷害的临界指标,该研究结果可为作物低温灾害防御及气象灾害预警提供参考。     

Isolates identification and characteristics of microorganisms in biotrickling filter and biofilter system treating H2S and NH3

A combination system of biotrickling filter （BTF） and biofilter （BF）, adopting surfactant-modified clinoptilolite and surfactant- modified wood chip as the media respectively, was applied to treat H2S and NH3 simultaneously. The identification and sole carbon sources utilization patterns of isolates in the combination system were studied by Biolog system. The isolates were identified as Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus themoglucosidasius （55℃） and Micrococcus luteus （ATCC 9341） in BTF, and Aspergillus sydowii （Bainier ＆ Sartory） Thom＆ Church in BE Among 95 substrate classes supplied by Biolog system, the carboxylic acids and methyl esters had the highest utilization extent for the four species, followed by the amino acids and peptides. The descending sequence of carbon sources utilization capability of isolates was A. sydowii （52.6%）, M. luteus （39.5%）, B. sphaericus （21.6%）, and G. thermoglucosidasius （17.7%）.     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定苯并(a)芘和多氯联苯

对苯并(a)芘作了五种不同的化学修饰,并与载体蛋白交联,制备出十四种单克隆抗体.经单克隆抗体的筛选和实验条件的优化,建立了测定苯并(a)芘的酶联免疫吸附分析法.以4,4'-二氯联苯为测定多氯联苯的酶联免疫吸附分析法的起始物,作了二种化学修饰,制备出九种多克隆抗体,建立了以羊抗多氯联苯抗体为基础的酶联免疫吸附分析法,并用于土壤中多氯联苯的测定.     

固定化多环芳烃降解酶——谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的研究

以自制壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂固定谷胱甘肽S-转移酶,研究了交联剂浓度、酶用量、pH值、温度及时间等因素对固定化酶活性的影响.结果表明,戊二醛浓度0.5%,pH7.0,温度20℃,时间12h以及液态酶与壳聚糖凝胶1:1配比是谷胱甘肽S-转移酶最佳固定化条件,固定化酶催化菲降解的最佳反应时间是9h.另外,固定化酶与游离酶相比,稳定性和可操作性都有较大的提高.