毒死蜱对紫金山森林土壤酶活力及微生物毒性影响研究

毒死蜱是有机磷类农药,对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有抑制作用,在农业虫害防治中应用广泛。为掌握毒死蜱对森林土壤酶活力和土壤微生物生态效应,选择紫金山森林土作为受试土壤,采用室内培养法,研究了毒死蜱对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,以及土壤呼吸强度和氮素硝化作用的影响。结果表明:试验期间,1.25 mg a.i.·kg-1、12.5 mg a.i.·kg-1和125 mg a.i.·kg-1毒死蜱对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶总体表现为抑制作用;对土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶的影响与暴露剂量和暴露时间有关,在60 d时,Z1低剂量处理组(1.25 mg a.i.·kg-1)蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶可恢复,Z100高剂量处理组(125 mg a.i.·kg-1)抑制作用不能解除。试验初期,毒死蜱对土壤呼吸强度有一定刺激作用随后逐渐恢复;对土壤氮硝化作用影响表现为先促进后抑制,且抑制作用有长期影响。由此可知,毒死蜱使用对紫金山森林土的土壤酶活性和土壤微生物产生毒性效应,具有一定生态风险。     

氮、磷在湿地基质中降解的机理研究

湿地基质被看成是人工湿地处理污水的核心部分,通过科学实验,文章分析了人工湿地运行中氮、磷在沿程方向和纵向的基质中的分布,重点研究湿地基质对于氮、磷的净化作用,有利于进一步理清湿地基质降解氮、磷的机理。     

Hyperaccumulation of zinc by Corydalis davidii in Zn-polluted soils

A field survey was conducted to identify potential Zn accumulators from an artisanal Zn smelting area in southwest China’s Guizhou Province. Hydroponic and soil culture experiments were performed to investigate the accumulation ability of Zn in Corydalis davidii. Zn concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of C. davidii in the smelting site were 1.1-3.5, 1.2-11.2, and 3.3-14 mg g⁻¹, respectively, whereas Zn concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of C. davidii in the contaminated site impacted by the Zn smelting were 1.0-2.4, 1.9-6.5, and 3.0-1.1 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Zn concentrations in leaves and stems of C. davidii were observed at above 10 mg g⁻¹ that refers to the threshold of Zn hyperaccumulator. The concentration distribution of Zn in C. davidii was leaf > stem > root, and the Zn bioaccumulation factors of C. davidii were above 1. It is concluded that C. davidii has high tolerance to concentrate Zn stress, and that C. davidii is a newly discovered Zn-hyperaccumulator with high biomass in the aboveground parts. Based on the cultivation experiments, C. davidii could reduce Zn concentration by 26.6, 21.2, and 10.2 mg kg⁻¹yr⁻¹ by phytoextraction from the smelting slag, Zn-contaminated soil, and background soil, respectively.     

低温胁迫对番茄光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

根据番茄对低温的反应,于2010年10月-2011年3月间,设计了人工控制试验系统以研究低温胁迫(5℃,7℃,9℃,11℃)对设施番茄光合色素含量、最大光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性的影响,为设施番茄低温致灾气象指标的确定提供依据。结果表明:不同低温胁迫下叶绿素a,Chla/Chlb和最大光合速率均存在不同程度的降低,而叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量则有所升高。低温5℃处理3 d和7℃处理4 d后番茄最大光合速率均为负值,经过25℃恢复5 d后仍无显著升高;低温9℃、11℃胁迫下番茄最大光合速率随处理天数的增加而降低,且经过5 d的恢复处理后最大光合速率可以基本恢复至正常水平。叶绿素荧光参数分析表明,低温胁迫降低了PSII的原始光能转换效率和潜在活性,番茄的Fv/Fm,qP,ETR均显著降低,且随胁迫温度和胁迫时间的不同,Fv/Fm,qP,ETR的变化程度有所不同。不同低温胁迫使得番茄SOD,POD,CAT,MDA酶的活性均有不同程度升高,且温度越低,处理时间越长,升高幅度越大。因此,低温5℃处理3 d或者低温7℃处理4 d是番茄发生严重冷害的临界指标,该研究结果可为作物低温灾害防御及气象灾害预警提供参考。     

Synthesis of iron composites on nano-pore substrates: Identification and its application to removal of cyanide

Two types of nano-pore substrates, waste-reclaimed (WR) and soil mineral (SM) with the relatively low density, were modified by the reaction with irons (i.e. Fe(II):Fe(III) = 1:2) and the applicability of the modified substrates (i.e. Fe-WR and Fe-SM) on cyanide removal was investigated. Modification (i.e. Fe immobilization on substrate) decreased the BET surface area and PZC of the original substrates while it increased the pore diameter and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of them. XRD analysis identified that maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) and iron silicate composite ((Mg, Fe)SiO₃) existed on Fe-WR, while clinoferrosilite (FeSiO₃) was identified on Fe-SM. Cyanide adsorption showed that WR adsorbed cyanide more favorably than SM. The adsorption ability of both original substrates was enhanced by the modification, which increased the negative charges of the surfaces. Without the pH adjustment, cyanide was removed as much as 97% by the only application of Fe-WR, but the undesirable transfer to hydrogen cyanide was possible because the pH was dropped to around 7.5. With a constant pH of 12, only 54% of cyanide was adsorbed on Fe-WR. On the other hand, the pH was kept as 12 without adjustment in Fe-WR/H₂O₂ system and cyanide was effectively removed by not only adsorption but also the catalytic oxidation. The observed first-order rate constant (k_obs) for cyanide removal were 0.49 (±0.081) h⁻¹. Moreover, the more cyanate production with the modified substrates indicated the iron composites, especially maghemite, on substrates had the catalytic property to increase the reactivity of H₂O₂.     

RBF与Elman神经网络在人工湿地复合基质去污效果预测中的应用

人工湿地的去污机理复杂、呈高度非线性,故利用神经网络技术构建模型预测其长期运行效果。通过构建人工湿地复合基质模拟槽系统进行为期4个月的实验,监测得到56组COD去除率数据样本,经Matlab小波去噪后分别利用RBF和Elman网络构建动态神经网络模型,预测该系统对生活污水中COD去除效果。结果表明,RBF和Elman神经网络预测值的均方根误差分别为0.0186和0.0163,精度较高,该系统后期的COD去除率在49.4%～59.0%之间。     

不同存放时间太湖蓝藻产沼气潜力

对不同存放时间蓝藻(新鲜蓝藻、存放3个月、6个月和9个月)进行厌氧消化处置,分析反应过程中沼气量、代谢产物和酶活等变化,获得各自的产沼气潜力。研究结果表明,存放6个月蓝藻组的产沼气率最大,为120.5 mL/g TS,是新鲜蓝藻组的1.29倍。Gompertz模型拟合表明,随着存放时间的延长,最大产沼气量(Pmax)先增大后减小,最大比产气率一直增加。存放3个月蓝藻组的VFA在第6天达到最大,为1 575.4 mg/L,而存放9个月蓝藻组的VFA在第2天达到最大,为1 116.5 mg/L。存放3个月蓝藻组的最大中性蛋白酶酶活为1 203.4μg/(g TS.h),比新鲜蓝藻组提高212.8μg/(gTS.h)。脱氢酶酶活随着蓝藻存放时间的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。     

接种比例和温度对餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵特性的影响

为提高餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵的甲烷转化率和挥发性固体降解率,分别在35℃和55℃条件下,采用批式发酵工艺,考察了接种物与底物的挥发性固体量之比对餐厨废弃物厌氧发酵挥发性固体甲烷产率、挥发性固体降解率、液相末端产物组成和pH值等发酵特性的影响。结果表明,温度和接种比例共同决定厌氧发酵停留阶段,在35℃发酵时接种比例大于50∶50的处理和55℃发酵时接种比例大于30∶70的处理以产甲烷发酵为主,其余以酸化发酵为主;游离氨抑制导致高温组的甲烷含量、挥发性固体甲烷产率和甲烷转化率均低于中温组;发生酸化处理组底物的挥发性固体降解率均低于40%,产甲烷发酵处理组挥发性固体降解率均高于80%。     

底物浓度影响微生物燃料电池性能和生物生长的模拟研究

建立了含有悬浮微生物、电极上生物量、可溶性化学底物和中介体的微生物燃料电池(MFC)数学模型。通过底物降解、生物增长和电流产生过程的模拟,考察了生物量和底物随时间的变化规律,底物质量浓度对生物量、底物降解和电流的影响。结果表明,当溶液中初始微生物量很少时,随着MFC反应的进行,生物主要富集在电极上,溶液中生物生长缓慢;MFC中的生物生长经历延滞期、对数期和平稳期,底物分解经历缓慢、快速和消耗殆尽3个阶段。底物质量浓度小于等于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而缩短。底物质量浓度大于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而增加。     

潜流式人工湿地基质堵塞问题对策研究

基质堵塞是人工湿地长期稳定运行最关键的问题.针对滇池湖滨福保人工湿地运行后潜流湿地基质严重堵塞的问题,分析造成基质堵塞的原因,从工艺路线、碎石床结构、填料径粒和布水方式等方面对原有人工湿地进行分析研究,找出堵塞原因,提出技术改造方案,并经过工程模型实验进行验证,在此基础上确定"预处理-潜流湿地(垂直流)-调节池-潜流湿...