潜流人工湿地基质堵塞的研究进展

潜流人工湿地是城市污水深度处理和农村污水分散处理的有效技术,但存在的基质堵塞问题因可缩短其使用寿命而极大降低了该技术的经济优势,成为制约其发展的瓶颈和研究的重点.在分析潜流人工湿地基质堵塞影响因素的基础上,探讨了其堵塞的机理和模型,提出了预防措施和恢复对策.前期进水预处理、进行湿地数值模拟和强化运行管理等能有效解决人工湿地堵塞问题.     

活性污泥储存与消耗乙酸基质的试验研究与模拟

同时贮存与生长理论认为,活性污泥吸收有机碳基质同时用于储存和生长.向SBR反应器投加不同浓度乙酸基质,监测活性污泥氧利用速率(OUR)、聚羟基烷酸盐(PHA)和出水COD的变化,运用活性污泥同时贮存与生长理论分析有机碳储存与消耗过程的特征.结果表明,饱食期结束与COD消耗至最低水平、PHA浓度出现最大值和OUR由最大值急速下降相对应;在饱食阶段,基质贮存OUR是利用外部基质直接生长OUR的2倍.随基质投加历时延长,饱食期平均OUR和最大OUR均下降,PHA产率降低,甚至出现PHA净消耗.因此,基质投加方式对有机碳基质储存与消耗有重要影响.     

石膏矿采空区顶板冒落冲击气浪传播规律及安全防范研究

为探索石膏矿采空区顶板冒落灾害形成及演化过程中的微观动力学行为,以某危害型石膏矿为研究背景,选择"打气筒"模型进行了空场法采空区顶板冒落相似物理模拟试验,并利用高速摄像及纹影技术,直观地记录分析冲击气浪产生时流场在直线型、转弯型、独头式模型巷道处的传播规律及变化特性.结果表明,在直线型巷道内传播时,冲击气浪并非按直线传递,而是气浪前端阵面会发生回转,与气浪尾部和后续的气浪叠加、交混,一起向前传递.在转弯型巷道中,冲击气浪传播至巷道转弯处时,气浪会马上在此改变传播方向,开始沿着转弯方向,向巷道出口传播.当气浪完全通过此处后,由于巷道围岩和空气的阻力,冲击气浪前端部分气流又会回流至此,进行二次破坏.在独头式巷道中传播时,由于巷道一端封合密闭,气体无法涌出,气浪无法在独头巷道中顺利向前传递,而是与巷道中的气浪相互叠加、碰撞,持续地、无规则地流动.     

Winter survival of microbial contaminants in soil: An in situ verification

The aim of the research was to evaluate, at site scale, the influence of freezing and freeze/ thaw cycles on the survival of faecal coliforms and faecal enterococci in soil, in a climate change perspective. Before the winter period and during grazing, viable cells of faecal coliforms and faecal enterococci were detected only in the first 10 cm below ground, while, after the winter period and before the new seasonal grazing, a lower number of viable cells of both faecal indicators was detected only in some of the investigated soil profiles, and within the first 5 cm. Taking into consideration the results of specific investigations, we hypothesise that the non-uniform spatial distribution of grass roots within the studied soil can play an important role in influencing this phenomenon, while several abiotic factors do not play any significant role. Taking into account the local trend in the increase of air temperature, a different distribution of microbial pollution over time is expected in spring waters, in future climate scenarios. The progressive increase in air temperature will cause a progressive decrease in freeze/thaw cycles at higher altitudes, minimising cold shocks on microbial cells, and causing spring water pollution also during winter.     

城市污泥发酵物对草坪建植和成坪基质完整性的影响研究

文章主要对城市污泥好氧发酵产物用于草坪基质后,对草坪建植指标的影响,包括萌发密度、根重和盖度进行了分析。结果表明施用污泥发酵物对草坪萌发密度和根重无显著影响。盖度指标上,高施用量污泥发酵物表现出显著的提升效应。污泥发酵物的施入对成坪后基质的抗撕裂强度有一定程度降低,但对运输造成的基质完整性并无显著负面影响。     

人工湿地不同填料组合去除典型污染物的研究

选取沸石、火山岩、空心砖、钢渣4种填料,通过对水中典型污染物的等温吸附试验,进行填料组合方式的优化配比.选取优化后的配比组合模拟人工湿地基质系统进行动态试验,进一步考察分析不同填料组合对污染物去除效果的差异.实验结果表明,Langmuir模型能够较好地模拟填料对氮、磷的吸附过程.各填料对NH+4-N的饱和吸附量大小为沸石(2388.92 mg·kg-1)空心砖(618.39 mg·kg-1)火山岩(310.84mg·kg-1);对磷的饱和吸附量大小为空心砖(3051.57 mg·kg-1)钢渣(2863.69 mg·kg-1)火山岩(1102.78 mg·kg-1)沸石(717.15mg·kg-1).在动态试验中,不同的填料组合对污染物具有不同的去除效果.综合考虑各填料组合对污染物的去除,选取效果最优的填料组合为ZH11(沸石与空心砖质量比1∶1混合),其对COD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TP的去除率分别达到62.40%、95.54%、59.82%和97.50%.     

豆腐废水廉价培养制备微生物絮凝剂的研究

从活性污泥中筛选出一株有高效絮凝活性的菌株,经鉴定为酵母属(Saccharomyces sp).以豆腐废水为廉价培养基培养高效菌产生微生物絮凝剂,含有絮凝活性物质的发酵液的上清液对4g/L高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率达95.6%.正交实验表明,产生微生物絮凝剂的优化培养条件为:豆腐废水体积分数25%,初始pH值5.0,摇床速度160r/min,温度30℃.培养产生的微生物絮凝剂最佳收获时间为48 h.微生物絮凝剂在酸性和碱性环境中均有较好的适应性和热稳定性.     

A study on cometabolic bioventing for the in situ remediation of trichloroethylene

Cometabolic bioventing for removal of TCE in the unsaturated zone was studied in a soil column study using methane as growth substrate. A numerical model was developed for simulating the behavior of TCE during cometabolic bioventing. The model parameters were estimated independently through laboratory batch experiments or from the literature. Simulations were found to provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The experimental data show that a total TCE remediation efficiency of over 95% was obtained. The volatilization-to-biodegradation ratio of TCE was about 7:1 and T _c values ranging from 0.0078 to 0.07 were obtained in this methane-driven system. Due to the toxicity of the high TCE concentrations to the microbial biomass in the initial stages of the experiment, cometabolic biodegradation was enhanced and was more efficient in the later stages of cometabolic bioventing.     

Biosorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto a lignocellulosic substrate extracted from wheat bran

We studied the removal of copper and zinc ions from aqueous solutions using a lignocellulosic substrate obtained by an acido-basic treatment of wheat bran. The sorption capacity of this material was investigated through batch and column experiments. Batch experimental results showed that the retention capacity of the lignocellulosic substrate was 0.20×10^–3 mol g^–1 at pH 4.5 for copper(II) and 0.24×10^–3 mol g^–1 at pH 6.5 for zinc(II). Column experiments showed a reduced sorption capacity for both ions compared to batch experiments. Batch and column data were analysed using the Langmuir equation in order to determine the affinity constant and the binding capacity of the sorbent and to compare both retention processes.     

DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A STREAM EXPOSED TO URBAN RUNOFF1

ABSTRACT: A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate community has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream bed. Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to four below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values are discussed with regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.