大城市边缘区土地利用空间格局特征分析.以北京大兴区为例

以北京大兴区为例,利用景观格局和空间分析方法,从产业布局和区位角度分析大城市边缘区土地利用空间分异特征.结果表明：（1）该区土地利用程度高,区域产业布局及距城市、村镇和道路距离等区位因素使其土地利用综合水平呈现北高南低、北部和南部区域内部重点镇高于一般镇的等级梯度分异格局.（2）设施农用地、园地和设施耕地等集约利用程度较高的农用地比例很大,集中分布在村镇和道路附近,生产便利性和成本是其空间分异的主要影响因素;（3）各类土地破碎化严重,集聚度和规模化程度低,亟需通过土地综合整治,重构村庄空间体系,充分发挥循环经济和农用地多功能性的优势,优化农业产业间及其与非农用地间的用地结构和空间布局,进一步提高土地利用综合效益.     

Assessment of metals in dry-toilet collected matters from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia, using biosolids quality guidelines and potential ecological risk index

Dry-toilet collected matter （DCM） from traditional dry-toilet pits are a potential health and ecological risk in suburban areas. In this study, the characteristics of metals in DCMs from suburban areas of Ulaanbaatar were surveyed. The results indicate that DCMs contain a high percentage of organic matter and nutrients, while heavy metals are at low levels, which shows good agricultural potential. The concentration ranges of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 11±5, 46±9, 0.08±0.05, 9±3, 17±9, and 338±86mg·kg^-1, respectively. The concentration of Cd was below 0.5 mg.kgl, and a high positive relation was shown between chromium and nickel concentrations. The heavy metals in DCMs were safe for land application but Zn in DCMs was close to the effects range median （ERM）, which is toxic in some cases, such as amphipod bioassays. Because it is mandatory to treat DCMs to reduce pathogens, in the case of heavy metal enrichment and agricultural reuse, composting or pyrolysis are better choices than incinera- tion. Compared with global soil background values, the heavy metals in DCMs showed a low level of ecological risk, but a medium level when compared with Mongolian soil background values. The ecological risk of six heavy metals was in the descending order Hg 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Ni 〉 Cr and the contribution rate of Hg exceeded 60%.     

Nitrate Status of Two Major Rivers in N. E. Scotland with Respect to Land Use and Fertiliser Additions

Land Use and the influence it has upon river water nitrate levels is discussed, for two large relatively unpopulated river systems in the N.E. of Scotland. the catchment areas for the rivers Dee and Don have been further subdivided into a number of sub catchments. Substantial differences in land use and agricultural potential exist both within and between the two areas. Greater agricultural production down stream is associated with increased river nitrate concentrations.     

平原河网地区大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

大型底栖无脊椎动物是河流生态系统的重要组成生物,具有活动范围相对固定、生命周期较长、生活习性相对稳定等特点,可有效指示河流水质和水生态系统健康状况。有关大型底栖生物群落结构特征及其与水环境之间的关系研究一直是河流生态系统的研究热点。底栖动物具有较强的地域性,其群落结构特征受当地的自然环境特征和社会经济发展程度的双重因素影响。为研究典型平原河网地区的底栖动物群落结构及对水环境状况的响应特征,在上海市选取了83个河道断面进行大型底栖动物采样分析,共获取底栖动物20个分类单位（种）,其中软体动物10种,环节动物6种,节肢动物4种。上海河道底栖动物群落结构总体呈现结构单一、物种丰富度低、高度耐污性等显著特征,环节动物的栖息密度和出现频率均最高。城市化水平的空间差异性直接影响底栖动物空间分布的异质性,由市区至近郊、远郊,物种数从11种逐渐上升至15种,而栖息密度则由8 776.3个/m2下降至690.3个/m2。底栖动物群落结构的空间分布特征与水质理化指标的空间分布特征具有良好的对应性,水质空间变化导致环节动物和软体动物、节肢动物的空间分布存在一定交错性,耐污性较强的环节动物主要分布在有机污染重、溶解氧低的市区河道断面,而喜清洁环境的软体动物和节肢动物主要分布在水质较好的郊区断面。寡毛纲物种的栖息密度与溶解氧质量浓度呈显著负相关性。     

洱海10条入湖河流缓冲带三圈内氮含量沿程变化

2013年7月采集了10条洱海入湖河流缓冲带三圈(外圈、内圈、中圈)内沿程34个断面的表层水样,测定了水样中总氮、可溶性总氮和氨氮的含量,分析其空间分布特征.结果表明,缓冲带内3个采样点的水质变化规律有9种类型:连续升高型,连续降低型,先降低后升高的“V”字型,先升高后降低的倒“V”字型,平稳型,先升高后平稳型,先下降后平稳型,先平稳后降低型,先平稳后升高型,10条洱海入湖河流水体ρ(TN)较高,平均值为2.93mg/L,特别是内圈入湖河口处ρ(TN)平均值为3.74mg/L,对洱海威胁较大,应加大河道治理,完善缓冲带内圈村落管网收集系统和垃圾处理设施.其中,茫涌溪、黑龙溪和清碧溪流域缓冲带ρ(DTN)为0.30~2.31mg/L,占TN比例的平均值为81%,中圈水体中氮负荷明显较内圈和外圈的高,应通过测土平衡施肥以及有机肥增施来降低化肥使用量,减少农田污染物随径流流失.考虑入湖河流水质上游普遍较好,中游开始恶化,建议在缓冲带外圈建设生态砾石床、生态塘和地下渗透池等生态截蓄净化工程.     

基于国际河流开发的国家水质标准差异对比分析

就国际河流相邻国家用水特点,分析我国与俄罗斯在地表水用于生活饮用水和农田灌溉水2个方面的水质标准进行对比分析,具体分析这2个标准在两国之间的总体差异和具体指标差异。分析的总体结论是俄罗斯的水质标准在项目分类、具体评价指标方面比我国丰富,具体指标的限值要稍严于我国标准。针对两国水质标准的不同,分析在国际河流开发利用中可能导致的冲突及这种差异对我国的影响,并从社会经济发展需求、水资源开发及相关政策关注重点等方面揭示两国水质标准存在差异的原因,为有效解决由于水质标准差异导致的争端提供科学依据。     

Concentration‐Duration‐Frequency Curves for Stream Turbidity: Possibilities for Assessing Biological Impairment1

Abstract: Siltation and subsequent biological impairment is a national problem prompting state regulatory agencies to develop sediment total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for many streams. To support TMDL targets for reduced sediment yield in disturbed watersheds, a critical need exists for stream assessments to identify threshold concentrations of suspended sediment that impact aquatic biota. Because of the episodic nature of stream sediment transport, thresholds should not only be a function of sediment concentration, but also of duration and dose frequency. Water quality sondes can collect voluminous amounts of turbidity data, a surrogate for suspended sediment, at intervals that can be used to characterize concentration, duration, and frequency of elevated turbidity events. To characterize turbidity sonde data in an ecologically relevant manner, a methodology for concentration‐duration‐frequency (CDF) curves was developed using turbidity doses that relate to different levels of biological impairment. To illustrate this methodology, turbidity CDF curves were generated for two sites on Little Pigeon River in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, using over 30,000 sonde data measurements per site for a one‐year period. Utilizing a Poisson arrival approach, turbidity spikes were analyzed stochastically by observing the frequency and duration of recorded events over a turbidity level that relates to a biological dose response. An exponential equation was used to fit duration and frequency of a specified turbidity level to generate concentric‐shaped CDF curves, where at specific turbidities longer durations occurred less frequently and conversely shorter durations occurred more frequently. The significance of the equation fit to the data was accomplished with a Kolmogorov‐Smirnov goodness‐of‐fit test. Our findings showed that the CDF curves derived by an exponential function performed reasonable well, with most curves significant at a 95% confidence level. These CDF curves were then used to demonstrate how they could be used to assess biological impairment, and identify future research needs for improved development of sediment TMDLs.     

Nutrient Bioassays of Growth Parameters for Algae in the North Bosque River of Central Texas1

Abstract: Nutrient dose‐response bioassays were conducted using water from three sites along the North Bosque River. These bioassays provided support data for refinement of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model used in the development of two phosphorus TMDLs for the North Bosque River. Test organisms were native phytoplanktonic algae and stock cultured Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak. Growth was measured daily by in vivo fluorescence. Algal growth parameters for maximum growth (μ_max) and half‐saturation constants for nitrogen (K_N) or phosphorus (K_P) were determined by fitting maximum growth rates associated with each dose level to a Monod growth rate function. Growth parameters of native algae were compared between locations and to growth parameters of P. subcapitata and literature values. No significant differences in half‐saturation constants were indicated within nutrient treatment for site or algal type. Geometric mean K_N was 32 μg/l and for K_P 7 μg/l. A significant difference was detected in maximum growth rates between algae types but not between sites or nutrient treatments. Mean μ_max was 1.5/day for native algae and 1.2/day for stock algae. These results indicate that watershed‐specific maximum growth rates may need to be considered when modeling algal growth dynamics with regard to nutrients.     

Legacy Effects of Colonial Millponds on Floodplain Sedimentation,Bank Erosion,and Channel Morphology,Mid‐Atlantic,USA1

Abstract: Many rivers and streams of the Mid‐Atlantic Region, United States (U.S.) have been altered by postcolonial floodplain sedimentation (legacy sediment) associated with numerous milldams. Little Conestoga Creek, Pennsylvania, a tributary to the Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Bay, is one of these streams. Floodplain sedimentation rates, bank erosion rates, and channel morphology were measured annually during 2004‐2007 at five sites along a 28‐km length of Little Conestoga Creek with nine colonial era milldams (one dam was still in place in 2007). This study was part of a larger cooperative effort to quantify floodplain sedimentation, bank erosion, and channel morphology in a high sediment yielding region of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Data from the five sites were used to estimate the annual volume and mass of sediment stored on the floodplain and eroded from the banks for 14 segments along the 28‐km length of creek. A bank and floodplain reach based sediment budget (sediment budget) was constructed for the 28 km by summing the net volume of sediment deposited and eroded from each segment. Mean floodplain sedimentation rates for Little Conestoga Creek were variable, with erosion at one upstream site (?5 mm/year) to deposition at the other four sites (highest = 11 mm/year) despite over a meter of floodplain aggradation from postcolonial sedimentation. Mean bank erosion rates range between 29 and 163 mm/year among the five sites. Bank height increased 1 m for every 10.6 m of channel width, from upstream to downstream (R² = 0.79, p < 0.0001) resulting in progressively lowered hydraulic connectivity between the channel and the floodplain. Floodplain sedimentation and bank erosion rates also appear to be affected by the proximity of the segments to one existing milldam, which promotes deposition upstream and scouring downstream. The floodplain and bank along the 28‐km reach produced a net mean sediment loss of 5,634 Mg/year for 2004‐2007, indicating that bank erosion was exceeding floodplain sedimentation. In particular, the three segments between the existing dam and the confluence with the Conestoga River (32% of the studied reach) account for 97% of the measured net sediment budget. Future research directed at understanding channel equilibria should facilitate efforts to reduce the sediment impacts of dam removal and legacy sediment.     

生物监测在跨界河流中的应用进展

综合分析了生物监测在跨界河流流经国家间的协调管理、生物类群的选择以及监测技术的选择方面所面临的问题;选择欧洲多瑙河、亚洲湄公河以及非洲尼日尔河等跨界河流作为典型案例,对比分析使用不同生物类群(例如底栖动物、浮游藻类以及鱼类)进行跨界河流生物监测的技术方法,阐述了跨界生物监测项目中的资金来源、管理办法和运行机制等;并对未来的跨界河流生物监测提出建议,以期为中国的跨界河流生物监测提供实践依据。