城市内河环境综合整治工程环境影响评价探讨

以南宁市竹排冲环境综合整治工程为例,探讨此类建设项目中施工扬尘、噪声、固废物处置及水土流失、底泥疏浚与处置的环境影响评价要点;针对项目施工期的环境影响和营运期对河流生态系统的影响,提出切实可行的环保措施和建议。     

滇东南矿区河流底泥重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

根据滇东南矿区河流底泥重金属数据，应用HANKANSON潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：①该地区河流底泥中产生生态危害的主要重金属是cd和As；②从上游到下游A—G7个断面多重金属潜在生态风险指数（RI）从小到大排列依次为：A〈D〈B〈F〈E〈G〈C；（爹该河流重金属污染属于很强生态危害。     

Strategies of maintaining the natural purification potential of rivers and lakes

Surface waters have a great impact on ecology and life of man. Because of their current use and exploitation, chemical and biological pollution, as well as physical changes of rivers and lakes are common. Natural self-purification potential helps to compensate harms to a certain degree. Proposals are given to detect restrictions of the purification potential in time as well as to support and to enhance the natural purification potential.     

Poland’s environment - past,present and future state of the environment in the vistula and odra river basins

In the middle of the last century in the case of many river basins, it became obvious that the targets of the Helsinki-Commission (HELCOM) concerning a 50% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the Baltic Sea had not been reached. Such conclusions could be derived from the observed loads. But the measurements regarding the analysis were not sufficient to determine what the reasons for this report were, what has to be done to fulfil this agreement and to evaluate the time at which the targets can be reached. This contribution presents the current state of Polish surface water quality as well as results of modelling nutrient and heavy metal emissions into the two biggest Polish river basins: Vistula and Odra, which both cover approximately 90% of Poland's territory.     

Parameter estimation for fractional dispersion model for rivers

The fractional dispersion model for natural rivers, extended by including a first order reaction term, contains four parameters. In order to estimate these parameters a fractional Laplace transform-based method is developed in this paper. Based on 76 dye test data measured in natural streams, the new parameter estimation method shows that the fractional dispersion operator parameter F is the controlling parameter causing the non-Fickian dispersion and F does not take on an integer constant of 2 but instead varies in the range of 1.4–2.0. The adequacy of the fractional Laplace transform-based parameter estimation method is determined by computing dispersion characteristics of the extended fractional dispersion model and these characteristics are compared with those observed from 12 dye tests conducted on the US rivers, including Mississippi, Red, and Monocacy. The agreement between computed and observed dispersion characteristics is found to be good. When combined with the fractional Laplace transform-based parameter estimation method, the extended fractional dispersion model is capable of accurately simulating the non-Fickian dispersion process in natural streams.     

Assessing Retrospective National Water Model Streamflow with Respect to Droughts and Low Flows in the Colorado River Basin

Streamflow monitoring in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) is essential to ensure diverse needs are met, especially during periods of drought or low flow. Existing stream gage networks, however, provide a limited record of past and current streamflow. Modeled streamflow products with more complete spatial and temporal coverage (including the National Water Model [NWM]), have primarily focused on flooding, rather than sustained drought or low flow conditions. Objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate historical performance of the NWM streamflow estimates (particularly with respect to droughts and seasonal low flows) and (2) identify characteristics relevant to model inputs and suitability for future applications. Comparisons of retrospective flows from the NWM to observed flows from the United States Geological Survey stream gage network over 22 years in the CRB reveal a tendency for underestimating low flow frequency, locations with low flows, and the number of years with low flows. We found model performance to be more accurate for the Upper CRB and at sites with higher precipitation, snow percent, baseflow index, and elevations. Underestimation of low flows and variable model performance has important implications for future applications: inaccurate evaluations of historical low flows and droughts, and less reliable performance outside of specific watershed/stream conditions. This highlights characteristics on which to focus future model development efforts.     

Federal Decentralization and Adaptive Management of Water Resources: Reservoir Reallocation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Reservoir operations must respond to changing conditions, such as climate, water demand, regulations, and sedimentation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) can reallocate reservoir storage to respond to such changes. We assembled and analyzed a database of reservoir reallocations implemented and proposed by the Corps. While only a small portion of total reservoir storage nationwide has been reallocated, there are substantial differences in reallocation frequency and magnitude across the nation: some Corps Districts and Divisions use reallocation while others do not, relying more on discretion and small‐scale adaptation of operations. This difference illustrates how water resource agencies like the Corps decentralize management decisions to allow responding to disparate conditions. Decentralized decision‐making provides a responsive approach to water management, while centralized and hierarchical decision‐making is a slower, more deliberative approach. Decentralized decision‐making may lead to the accumulation of short‐term, local decisions over time to the point that the system is managed differently than anticipated. Reallocation, which is a form of planned adaptive management, can be accommodating of multiple competing demands and different stakeholders, yet expensive and less temporally responsive. The challenge for any large water resource management agency is to balance between local‐level, responsive discretion vs. centralized, planned decision‐making.     

官厅水库上游河流营养物参照状态的制定

采用参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法,制定了官厅水库上游流域河流雨季和旱季的营养物参照状态,探讨季风气候对河流营养物参照状态的季节性影响,并识别影响官厅水库上游河流营养物浓度的主要人类活动.结果表明：参照河流点和一般河流点总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度在雨季和旱季均表现出明显的季节性差异.参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法制定的营养物参照状态在雨季和旱季也均存在季节性差异,取3种方法的平均值作为官厅水库上游河流的营养物参照状态：TN在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为1.580和1.672mg/L; TP在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为0.075和0.055mg/L.影响河流TN浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：畜禽养殖污染负荷强度、耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和城市用地比例.影响河流TP浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和畜禽养殖污染负荷强度.     

城市河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状与污染行为

河流是微塑料从陆地向海洋传输的关键路径,在近年来得到了越来越多的研究重视.但实际上,目前关于城市不同区域河道表层水及沉积物中微塑料的污染现状及污染行为研究仍十分有限,相关问题依然不甚清晰.本文以上海市中心城区及郊区城镇区域的8条河道作为研究对象,共采集16个河道表层水及沉积物样品,采用高速摄像仪和傅立叶红外变换光谱仪鉴定样品中微塑料的丰度、尺寸、颜色、形状和类型等特征.结果表明,上海市城市河道表层水中微塑料的平均丰度为(7.5±2.8)个·L~(-1),而沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度(以湿重计)则达到了(1 575.5±758.4)个·kg~(-1).微塑料尺寸越小丰度越高.其中,低于500μm、纤维状、透明色和聚酯类的微塑料始终在上海市城市河道中占据主导地位,但沉积物中的微塑料分布更具多样性.相对于国内外其他城市河道中的微塑料污染,上海市城市河道中的微塑料污染较为严重.不同城市河道中,微塑料的形状和聚合物类型分布受到来源(主要为洗衣废水、个人护理产品和塑料废弃物等)、水动力学条件和本身理化性质等各种因素的较大影响.还进一步讨论了城市河道中微塑料的污染行为(来源、传输与归趋),并解析了各种环境因子对其造成的潜在影响.     

闽江福州段与城市内河表层沉积物重金属污染特征研究

为了探讨城市内河对闽江福州段重金属污染的影响特征,本文对闽江福州段和福州城市主要内河表层沉积物中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb 6种重金属元素进行了系统的分析,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价法进行污染情况和潜在危险评估.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb含量范围分别为:5.55~131.35、0.74~138.82、2.45~95.84、24.24~609.72、2.82~95.90、13.91~108.45mg·kg~(-1),各重金属含量平均值明显高于福建省土壤环境背景值,但低于国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ类标准值(除As略高于Ⅱ类标准).地累积指数法评价结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属大多为无污染或中污染程度,受人类活动影响强烈.潜在生态风险评价法表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb和Zn存在轻微潜在风险,As以中等潜在风险为主,总体存在轻微潜在风险.重金属污染物的空间分布与福州市的发展格局相适应,人类活动集中的老城区和工业密集区,是闽江与内河重金属污染物含量相对较高的区域.城市内河汇入闽江后,携带的大量重金属污染物加剧了闽江重金属污染.建议加强对闽江重金属含量较高的晋安河段、光明港段-磨溪河段的污水排放监控.