Strictly protected areas are not necessarily more effective than areas in which multiple human uses are permitted

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies protected areas into six categories, ranging from strict nature reserves to areas where multiple human uses are permitted. In the past, many researchers have questioned the effectiveness of multiple-use areas, fueling an unresolved debate regarding their conservation value. The literature so far has been inconclusive: although several studies have found that strictly protected areas are more effective, others have found the opposite, and yet others that the two types do not differ. To help resolve this debate, we reviewed the literature on protected areas and conducted our own analysis using > 19 000 terrestrial protected areas worldwide. We found that the differences between strictly protected areas and areas in which multiple human uses are permitted are often small and not statistically significant. Although the effectiveness of protected areas worldwide varies, other factors, besides their assigned IUCN category, are likely to be driving this pattern.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01426-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

弹上设备湿热试验典型失效机理分析及建议

目的 分析影响弹上设备湿热试验典型外观不合格的原因及失效机理,给出弹上设备适应湿热大气的相关建议.方法 给出某型号湿热鉴定试验过程中,弹上设备出现的三种典型外观不合格现象——漆层起泡、螺钉锈蚀和电连接器锈蚀.通过建立与漆层起泡、螺钉锈蚀和电连接器锈蚀不合格现象相对应的故障树,分析3种典型外观不合格的失效原因,并得到相应的失效机理.结果 总结了弹上设备湿热试验后外观发生不合格的原因,并从设计、选材、介质隔离角度给出了弹上设备适应湿热大气的相关建议.结论 为提高弹上设备耐湿热环境的能力,进而提高装备的贮存可靠性,使其能够从贮存状态直接转入能使用状态,从而提高其贮存可靠性、战备完好性和系统效能提供了指导.     

中国燃煤部门大气汞排放协同控制效果评估及未来预测

汞污染已成为一个全球性的环境问题,我国是世界上大气汞排放量最大的国家,在批准《关于汞的水俣公约》之后,我国的汞污染控制面临严峻的挑战.燃煤部门是我国大气汞排放的第一大部门,也是履约的重点部门.本研究建立了我国燃煤部门2010年和2012年的大气汞排放清单,评估了"大气污染防治行动计划"("大气十条")对燃煤部门大气汞排放的协同控制效果.同时,使用情景分析法,对2020年和2030年燃煤部门的大气汞排放进行了预测,分析了未来不同控制措施的减排效果.结果表明,2010年中国燃煤电厂、燃煤工业锅炉和民用燃煤炉灶的大气汞排放量的最佳估计值分别为100.0、72.5和18.0 t."大气十条"的实施可使我国燃煤部门到2017年比2012年减少92.5 t的大气汞排放.能源结构的调整、洗煤比例的提高和除尘设备的升级改造对于大气汞的减排效果最显著.在最佳估计情景下,2020年和2030年燃煤部门大气汞排放量分别为128.5和80.0 t,与2010年相比分别降低了33%和58%;在最严格控制情景下,2020年和2030年燃煤部门大气汞的排放量分别为103.2和50.9 t,相较2010年分别下降了46%和73%.     

Quantitative risk assessment: How realistic are those frequency assumptions?

Although much has changed in recent decades in how the consequences are treated in risk assessment of major industrial accidents, estimation of frequencies still appears to be largely based on values from several decades ago. This paper reviews briefly some of the implications of this, drawing on lessons not only from the process industries but also from other not so obviously relevant fields such as aerospace and finance, where the significance of such factors such as organizational culture, normalization of deviance, ownership, demographic change, etc. is becoming increasingly recognized in the analysis and hence the control of risk.Failure to consider such factors and their effects can pose a problem, because risk assessment is not simply an abstract concept but can have a real influence on the level of risk. If protective measures such as the safety culture of the site, etc. can be shown to significantly change the risk zone, this can persuade the risk generator to improve those factors or take other steps to reduce the risk such as reducing the inventory in the process. Conversely, assessments conducted for well-run companies may misrepresent the risk if the site ownership changes to a financial holding company with a focus on maximizing short-term profit and resale of the assets, and it can be difficult even for well-motivated management to justify protective measures if they produce no apparent difference in the risk.This paper introduces these and other issues for consideration in the symposium which follows.     

浅谈尾矿坝削坡

尾矿库的安全稳定在矿山安全生产和环境保护中具有十分重要的意义,而尾矿坝的不利因素是导致安全事故的原因之一。通过对尾矿坝的分析,探讨了尾矿坝坡度对坝体稳定性的影响。结合相关案例,指出了存在的安全问题并提出了解决方案。     

新时期火灾隐患整治对策与机制

通过详细分析福建省长乐市2009提＂1.31＂拉丁酒吧火灾的成因及总结危害后果教训,引发了我们对新时期消防火灾隐患整治对策与机制的思考。火灾事故发生有其深刻的社会经济背景,依据新旧《消防法》对＂三合一＂等特定场所隐患整治的延续规定,本文从依法进行火灾隐患整治、做好消防宣传教育工作、大力贯彻单位全面负责的消防工作原则、加强消防监督执法人员的业务素质、多部门联合处置违反消防安全行为、充分发挥保险经济杠杆作用、设立举报奖励制度等内容,对改进当前消防工作提出七个方面的建议,并总结避免隐患整治的三个误区。依法治火,以人为本,形成长效管理机制,科学治火,从根本上减少火灾隐患,特别是杜绝群死群伤重特大恶性火灾事故发生。     

低碳经济与四川生态省建设

本文从分析低碳经济与生态省建设的关系入手,明确提出发展低碳经济是建设生态省的重要途径的论点,并结合国内外发展低碳经济背景及四川省省情,简要阐述了四川省发展低碳经济的紧迫性、有利条件和发展现状,最后从生态省建设入手,对四川省低碳经济发展提出了建议。     

江苏省商品有机肥推广应用补贴方式调查与分析研究

概述了我国有机肥产业发展及财政补贴现状。以江苏省商品有机肥推广应用补贴方式为例,探讨了地方政府通过实施企业招标、资格认证、评分审核等措施,扶持有机肥生产企业建设,在实现农业循环经济发展的同时保护生态环境,提高农民和企业参与的积极性。最后提出了借鉴江苏补贴模式,从经济上加大有机肥产业扶持力度,加强质量保证及服务保障体系建设,加强科技支撑、促进行业发展的政策建议。     

浅谈污染源在线监控系统建设

文章阐述了我国污染源在线监控系统的建设现状,论述了系统在建设、运行与管理等方面存在的问题,如污染源在线监控系统后期运行缺乏保障、仪器设备的性能与安装缺乏统一标准、技术评价体系滞后、数据采集系统协议不够统一、运行与管理人员缺乏相应培训与考核;提出了相应的对策与建议,如建立、健全相关技术标准与规范,制定统一的、广泛使用的数据采集协议,加强技术与管理人员的培训等。     

事故状态下储油库水体污染的预防与控制

文章结合实例分析了储油库在事故状态下次生水体污染事件的风险,通过典型事故案例剖析了储油库水污染预防与控制管理的关键环节,指出国内相关标准在储油库水污染预防与控制措施要求方面存在的不足,提出储油库水污染防控体系建设的构架以及管理措施建议。