试论开展中国农作物病虫害危害流行的长期气象预测研究

从开展中国宵作物病虫害危害浒的长期气象预测研究的必要性出发,结合国内外的研究现状,提出提高宵作物病虫害长期预测的准确性、时效性是宵作物病虫病综合防治的首要措施,并建议围绕中国宵作物病虫害宏观气候可预测性的机理、浒的前兆性气候指标、浒气候区划、影响的关键气象因子、预报模式的气象信息技术改造等方面开展中国宵作物病虫害危害流行的长期气象预测研究。     

基于GIS的湖北省水稻生产潜力研究

使用GIS技术,以分县（市,区）为基本单位研究湖北省近年水稻生产状况。综合气象资料、地形数据、水稻作物生长发育规律和适应性气候指标,划分出湖北省水稻适宜性种植区域;根据各县（市、区）区域水稻实际生产数据,分早、中、晚稻划定出水稻生产的高、中和低产区域;测算湖北省水稻光温生产潜力为 17 000~22 000 kg/hm2,光温生产潜力可利用度为3306%~7830%。按照农业气候资源的相似性和农业气候利用一致性原则研究表明：湖北省水稻综合生产潜力为31742万t。该研究结果和建立的数据库为更好地指导和规〖JP2〗划湖北省水稻种植、生产和实施系列高产科技工程项目提供了依据和参考。该研究方法,能够扩展用于粮食作物种植区划和农业区划研究     

Substituting energy crops with organic wastes and agro-industrial residues for biogas production

In this study, industrial and agro-industrial by-products and residues (BRs), animal manures (AMs), and various types of organic wastes (OWs) were analyzed to evaluate their suitability as substitutes for energy crops (ECs) in biogas production. A comparison between the costs of the volume of biogas that can be produced from each substrate was presented with respect to the prices of the substrates in the Italian market. Furthermore, four different feeding mixtures were compared with a mixture of EC and swine manure (Mixture A) used in a full-scale plant in Italy. Swine manure is always included as a basic substrate in the feeding mixtures, because many of the Italian biogas plants are connected to farms. When EC were partially substituted with BR (Mixture B), the cost (0.28 € Nm⁻³) of the volume of biogas of Mixture A dropped to 0.18 € Nm⁻³. Furthermore, when the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and olive oil sludge (OS) were used as possible solutions (Mixtures C and D), the costs of the volume of biogas were −0.20 and 0.11 € Nm⁻³, respectively. The negative price signifies that operators earn money for treating the waste. For the fifth mix (Mixture E) of the OFMSW with a high solid substrate, such as glycerin from biodiesel production, the resulting cost of the volume of biogas produced was −0.09 € Nm⁻³. By comparing these figures, it is evident that the biogas plants at farm level are good candidates for treating organic residues of both municipalities and the agro-industrial sector in a cost-effective way, and in providing territorially diffused electric and thermal power. This may represent a potential development for agrarian economy.     

图像识别技术在作物农情信息反演中的应用

对常见的图像识别研究方法进行了总结,主要包括以下5个方面:侧重于农作物病虫害监测的颜色特征识别方法;应用于作物大小形状分级、叶面积、叶倾角等领域测算方面的形态特征识别方法,包括统计分析法、结构分析法和频谱分析法的纹理特征识别方法;利用高光谱分辨的遥感技术、光谱仪和近红外光谱进行植被、杂草和作物内部品质监测的光谱识别方法;最后,是集各种识别方法特长的综合识别方法。对这5种方法的适用范围和优缺点进行了分析比较及综合,构建出基于图像识别技术的农情信息提取技术体系系统框架,并提出了新的技术应用思考,从中发现目前图像识别技术中存在的问题,为今后的研究指明方向。     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田（n=4）和水旱轮作大田（n=4）,通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮（TSN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）和溶解性有机氮（SON）含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON＆gt;NO3--N＆gt;NH4＋-N,大田为NO3--N＆gt;SON＆gt;NH4＋-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO3--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

Analysis of China‘s Water Security and Virtual Water Trade

Producing goods and services all needs water consumption. The water used in the process of an agricultural or industrial product is called the “Virtual Water“ contained in this product.Through international trade, water-scarce countries and regions could purchase water-intensive products--especially foods, from water-rich countries to balance their water deficits and achieve water safety. China is one of the 13 most water-deficit countries whose water safety have been severely challenged. This paper generalized the recent global research development and made a brief introduction about the methods calculating virtual water content in specific products. As a case study, we qualified China‘s annual virtual water flows from year 2000 to 2002 with trade in crops, and ended with some policy advice for application and practice of virtual water strategy.     

Toxicity of tributyltin to willow trees

BACKGROUND: Tributyltin is an organotin compound, used as an antifouling agent in ship paint, with heavy impact on the marine environment. Contaminated dredged harbor sludge is now dumped on land. The toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) to trees has not yet been quantified. Eventually, a vegetation cover on the dumped sludge could be established for the purpose of non-food cash crop production and phytoremediation. METHODS: The phytotoxicity of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) and tributyltin hydride (TBTH) was measured at pH 4 and at pH 7 using the willow tree transpiration test. Different pH levels of the nutrient solutions were achieved by adding ammonium salt (low pH) or nitrate (high pH) as nitrogen source. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: At low pH (pH 4), all trees showed symptoms of poor health. Transpiration decreased at concentrations above or equal to 0.1 mg TBTCl/l and 1 mg TBTH/L. The TBT toxicity was more pronounced at pH 7. The trees survived even the highest dose of 10 mg/l TBTCl or TBTH, although their growth and transpiration was strongly reduced. CONCLUSION: In contrast to other organisms, TBTCl and TBTH were less toxic to higher plants. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: The toxicity of TBT is no hindrance for establishing vegetation on TBT-contaminated sludge. Phytoremediation and cash crop production could be possible with suitable plants.     

利用农作物秸秆生产生物质“颗粒”燃料

利用农业的废弃物及各类秸秆或杂草，经粉碎、蒸汽搅拌，在一定的温度下进行挤压（压缩）、干燥等工序，制成生物质“颗粒”燃料，替代煤、石油等不可再生燃料，具有良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

The Magic Bullet Criticism of Agricultural Biotechnology

One common method of criticizing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is to label them as “magic bullets.” However, this criticism, like many in the debate over GMOs, is not very clear. What exactly is the “magic bullet criticism”? What are its origins? What flaw is it pointing out in GM crops and agricultural biotechnology? What is the scope of the criticism? Does it apply to all GMOs, or just some? Does it point to a fatal flaw, or something that can be fixed? The goal of this paper is to answer these questions and clarify the magic bullet criticism of agricultural biotechnology. It is hoped that the results of this exercise will be helpful in advancing deliberation over the role GMOs and agricultural biotechnology should play in 21st century agriculture.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.