Microbially Mediated Redox Cycling at the Oxic–Anoxic Boundary in Sediments: Comparison of Animal and Plants Habitats

Microorganisms are responsible for the bulk of transformations that occur in surficial sediments. They are most active at redox boundaries where they can benefit from access to various oxidants and reductants generated during redox cycling events. To illustrate the dynamics of microbially mediated processes, especially those involving sulfur and metal cycles, processes were compared in habitats either bioturbated by a capitellid worm or inhabited by a salt marsh grass. The presence of macrofauna and macroflora greatly altered the three-dimensional array of redox gradients in sediments, but the type and form of reductants and oxidants provided varied greatly; clastic sedimentary infauna subducted solid phase organic material and iron oxides, whereas plant roots released dissolved organic matter and oxygen. These differences resulted in a bioturbated system that exhibited a rapid sulfur cycle (residence time of minutes), but a slower iron cycle (days), whereas vegetation caused a slow sulfur cycle and rapid iron cycle. Alteration of sediments by higher life forms also greatly affected the composition and relative abundances of sedimentary bacteria, even on short time scales. Although redox cycling at interfaces can be somewhat predictable, variations in response to biological and physical perturbations demonstrated wide differences in the dynamics of redox-mediated processes.     

Evaluation of the First Phase of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides Provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act: A Plant-Based Approach

Electric power generating plants that use coal were among the key targets of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act. Under the first phase of the act, 110 coal-fired electric power plants were required to reduce their sulfur dioxide emissions by 1995 and nitrogen oxide emissions by 1996. Phase 2 of the act requires even greater reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions by 2000 and nitrogen oxide emissions by 2008. This study examines whether the 107 targeted plants (three plants went off-line) have achieved the desired sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emission levels. The analysis of sulfur dioxide is based on data from 1990, 1995, and 1999. The findings show that although sulfur oxide increased by 3% from 1995 to 1999, it decreased by 45% over the 1990–1999 period at the firm level for the targeted firms. The findings also indicate that the overall reduction in sulfur dioxide was achieved by utilizing low sulfur coal and by purchasing emission allowances. So far as nitrogen oxides are concerned, there has been a reduction of 14% over the 1990–1999 period, of which 7% was achieved during the 1995–1999 period. An evaluation of emissions at the plant level indicates that several plants do not meet the emissions level for sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides. These results provide a mixed scorecard for reduction in emissions both for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Even though there is reduction in the emissions on an overall basis at the firm level, several plants that have not been able to reduce emissions deserve special attention to meet the goals of the act in reducing emissions.     

水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解释放挥发性含硫气体的影响因素

为了探讨水稻土中含硫气体产生和释放的途径 ,在室内培养条件下 ,测定了南京水稻土中含硫气体的释放 .从该淹水土壤中测出 3种含硫气体 ;羰基硫 (COS)、二甲基硫 (DMS)和少量硫化氢 (H₂S)气体 .当土壤中加入甲硫氨酸后 ,DMS气体的释放量有了明显增加 ,此外还有大量甲硫醇 (CH₃SH)和二甲基二硫 (DMDS)气体测出 .而 COS在好氧条件 (普通大气淹水 )下的释放量明显增加 ,在厌氧条件 (充氮淹水 )下的释放量变化不明显 ;只有 H₂S的释放量几乎没变 .这些结果表明 ,甲硫氨酸的分解可能是 COS、DMS、CH₃SH和 DMDS的产生源之一 ,且释放含硫气体的种类明显不同于胱氨酸和半胱氨酸 .在好氧 (普通大气 )条件下 ,DMDS和 CH₃SH的释放量低于厌氧情况 (充氮气 )下的释放量 ,DMS则高于厌氧条件下的释放量 .这表明 ,水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解产生 DMDS和 CH3SH需较强的还原条件 ,产生这 2种气体的微生物需要严格的厌氧条件 .产生 DMS的微生物则比前者需要高一些的含氧量 .土壤 pH值和含水量及光照对甲硫氨酸分解释放含硫气体均有影响 .各含硫气体在持水率 50%、普通大气、光照条件下的释放量明显高于无光照条件下的释放量 .     

马鞍山市二氧化硫排放总量与污染控制方案

概述了马鞍山市二氧化硫污染现状,预测了规划年的二氧化硫排放量,提出了污染控制目标。针对该市冶金和电力等主要行业重点源二氧化硫排放及防治存在的问题,提出了一系列控制措施和重点治理项目。2000,2005和2010年二氧化硫排放总量控制目标可分别达到5.628万,5.005万及4.608万t,城区环境空气中的二氧化硫浓度将达到国家环境质量二级标准。      

火电项目环境影响评价中污染控制水平分析

针对国家投资体制改革后我国火电迅猛发展的现象,以内蒙古地区作为研究对象,从2004年内蒙古地区拟建的36个火电项目的环境影响报告书中取得有关资料,分析了这些项目的环境影响控制情况,并对内蒙古地区火电发展的区域环境影响进行讨论.结果表明:即使内蒙古地区拟建项目全部建成投产,在火电装机容量增加33.68×106 kW的情况下,SO₂排放量仅增加0.8×104 t/a;通过对城市中水、矿井疏干水的使用,节约新鲜水用量超过1×108 t/a,环境影响评价中对火电项目的SO2总量控制和节约用水控制效果较好.但是内蒙古地区拟建电厂区域累积用水总量很大,将加剧该地区水资源不足问题,而内蒙古地区作为我国能源输出地,需寻求可持续发展道路.建议加快开展规划环境影响评价,并考虑循环经济发展模式.      

在Ru/Al2O3催化剂上用H2对SO2选择性催化还原的研究

本文对用H2来使SO2选择性催化还原为单质硫在Ru/Al2O3催化剂上的行为进行研究.当物料比经过优化确定为SO2/H2=12.8时,在500℃下,SO2的转化率为90%以上,单质硫的产率为70%左右.比较于其他的催化还原SO2的催化剂,本催化剂采用金属而不是金属硫化物,这样既省去了催化剂预硫化的过程,同时也使在有氧条件下的选择性催化还原成为可能.实验考察了O2及水蒸气存在对过程的影响.在实验过程中发现,H2S作为中间产物生成,可推论该过程在催化剂上分两步进行SO2首先在催化剂金属上被H2深度还原为H2S,然后在Al2O3载体的酸性中心上SO2与H2S发生Claus反应产生单质硫.     

Oxidation of SO2 in Clouds at Whiteface Mountain

In-cloud oxidation of SO₂ byH₂O₂ was investigated using a tracertechnique based on SO^2– ₄/Se ratios atWhiteface Mountain, New York during summer months from1990 to 1998. Cloud water samples collected at themountain's summit (1.5 km above mean sea level) andaerosols at a below cloud site (Lodge) located at 0.6km amsl and in cloud interstitial air at the summitwere analyzed for SO^2– ₄ and selectedtrace elements. Gaseous SO₂ andH₂O₂were measured in realtime. Cloud water pH wasgenerally below 5.0 with a mean value of 3.6. Theresults show that significant in cloud oxidation occursin clouds during summer months varying from belowdetection to 62% with on average approximately 24% ofthe cloud water SO^2– ₄ produced from in-situ SO₂ oxidation. During summer the clouds wereoxidant limited for approximately one third of thetime.     

首钢邻山和植物园植物叶片含硫量的对比

采用比浊法消解和定容、IRIS advantage型等离子体发射光谱仪测定首钢邻山的17种植物叶片和北京植物园邻山相应的植物种类叶片含硫量.结果表明,茜草等5种植物叶片在两个样点的含硫量均排列在前5位,并与其余的植物种类叶片含硫量有显著差异,说明对硫的积累能力强.首钢邻山的植物中,臭椿等5种植物叶片的含硫量极显著高于植物园邻山的相应种,推断其在重污染区的吸硫能力较强.植物园邻山的茜草等5种植物叶片的含硫量极显著高于首钢邻山相应种,推断其在轻度污染区的吸硫能力表现更为突出.     

烟气脱硫过程中添加剂对石灰石的促溶作用

以双搅拌釜为实验设备,研究了烟气脱硫过程中硫酸钠、硫酸镁和腐殖酸钠对石灰石的促溶作用.结果表明,分别采用3种不同添加剂时,pH值等随脱硫反应时间的变化规律类似;与非强化石灰石脱硫过程对比,在相同pH值下,3种添加剂均使石灰石颗粒体积占初始体积的分率rp减小,即均能促进石灰石的溶解,改善浆液的传质性能.通过理论分析,导出了r_p与浆液pH值之间的关系式,该方程能很好地关联双搅拌釜实验数据.     

包裹法对民用高氟石煤氟硫污染的防治作用

提出了用钙基固氟剂包裹石煤以降低氟硫污染的方法.8 户使用包裹钙基固氟剂石煤的农家和 8 户使用普通石煤的农家的比较结果表明,包裹固氟剂石煤组比普通石煤组燃煤氟释放率平均降低了 44.7%(P<0.05);室内空气氟含量下降了 85.7%(P<0.01);室内空气 SO2含量降低了 75%(P<0.05).放置条件较一致的 4 个玉米、辣椒样品氟含量的比较表明,使用包裹固氟剂石煤农户家的玉米、辣椒样品的氟含量分别比使用普通石煤的下降了 50%和 53%.