三峡库区(重庆-宜昌段)沉积物中钒的污染特征及生态风险评价

为全面了解三峡库区(重庆—宜昌段)干支流沉积物中钒的含量水平、空间分布、赋存形态、污染程度,在三峡库区采集水体沉积物样品67个,测定了沉积物中钒的含量及其化学赋存形态,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行分析和评价.结果表明:1三峡库区研究区范围内沉积物中钒的含量范围为89.4~175.2 mg·kg-1,平均值为123.7 mg·kg-1,略高于长江沉积物背景值;2库区沉积物中钒的空间分布特征主要呈现库区干流含量大于支流,干流下游沉积物中钒含量高于上游;3沉积物中钒含量的极值点出现在较发达县(区)附近,考虑其来源可能是人为源汇入;4库区沉积物中钒的赋存形态主要以残渣态为主,所占质量分数为80%~89%,并与总量呈现显著正相关关系;5沉积物中钒污染程度较小,潜在环境危害影响较弱.     

Beyond hypoxia：Occurrence and characteristics of black blooms due to the decomposition of the submerged plant Potamogeton crispus in a shallow lake

Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column.     

Biosorption mechanisms involved in immobilization of soil Pb by Bacillus subtilis DBM in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Mechanisms of soil Pb immobilization by Bacillus subtilis DBM, a bacterial strain isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, were investigated. Adsorption and desorption experiments with living bacterial cells as well as dead cells revealed that both extracellular adsorption and intracellular accumulation were involved in the Pb2＋removal from the liquid phase. Of the sequestered Pb（II）, 8.5% was held by physical entrapment within the cell wall, 43.3% was held by ion-exchange, 9.7% was complexed with cell surface functional groups or precipitated on the cell surface, and 38.5% was intracellularly accumulated.Complexation of Pb2＋with carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amido, and phosphate groups was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Precipitates of Pb5（PO4）3OH, Pb5（PO4）3Cl and Pb10（PO4）6（OH）2that formed on the cell surface during the biosorption process were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Transmission electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of the Pb（II）precipitates and that Pb（II） could be sequestered both extracellularly and intracellularly.Incubation with B. subtilis DBM significantly decreased the amount of the weak-acid-soluble Pb fraction in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil, resulting in a reduction in Pb bioavailability, but increased the amount of its organic-matter-bound fraction by 71%. The ability of B.subtilis DBM to reduce the bioavailability of soil Pb makes it potentially useful for bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of multi-heavy-metal-contaminated soil.     

Efectiveness of national air pollution control policies on the air quality in metropolitan areas of China

Understanding the efectiveness of national air pollution controls is important for control policy design to improve the future air quality in China. This study evaluated the efectiveness of major national control policies implemented recently in China through a modeling analysis. The sulfur dioxide(SO2) control policy during the 11th Five Year Plan period(2006–2010) had succeeded in reducing the national SO2emission in 2010 by 14% from its 2005 level, which correspondingly reduced ambient SO2and sulfate(SO4 2) concentrations by 13%–15% and 8%–10% respectively over east China. The nitrogen oxides(NOx) control policy during the 12th Five Year Plan period(2011–2015) targets the reduction of the national NOx emission in 2015 by 10% on the basis of 2010. The simulation results suggest that such a reduction in NOx emission will reduce the ambient nitrogen dioxide(NO2), nitrate(NO3), 1-hr maxima ozone(O3) concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 8%, 3%–14%, 2% and 2%–4%, respectively over east China. The application of new emission standards for power plants will further reduce the NO2, NO3, 1-hr maxima O3concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 2%–4%, 1%–6%, 0–2% and 1%–2%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the inter-provincial impacts of emission reduction in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Yangtze River Delta, which indicated the need to implement joint regional air pollution control.     

硫黄联合装置停工密闭吹扫的实现

介绍了中国石化济南分公司硫黄回收联合装置安全环保停工的过程,在硫黄回收联合装置停工前,研究讨论各装置停工密闭吹扫的流程及方法,并确定各装置停工吹扫的顺序、注意事项和前期准备工作。在各装置停工吹扫过程中,严格按照停工方案,采取了分装置吹扫,该装置吹扫完毕后立即加盲板隔离,最后放火炬公用系统采取倒吹扫,实现了装置停工密闭吹扫,达到了各装置停工酸性气系统吹扫不放火炬的要求。     

激光烧蚀皮革过程中的废气成分研究

皮革在激光烧蚀过程中会产生大量具有恶臭气味的有机废气,严重影响空气质量。为了评估该类型气体危害,分别利用紫外可见分光光度计和气相色谱-质谱联用仪,检测了天然皮革和人造革在激光烧蚀过程中的废气成分。结果显示烧蚀天然皮革所产生的废气中含有NO、NO2、SO2、二氨基丙烷和丙烯酸甲酯,烧蚀人造革所产生的废气中含有NO、NO2、甲硫醇、二硫化碳、乙二醇、二甲基二硫醚、丙二醇、乙二醇二甲醚和硫代乙酸甲酯。其中,甲硫醇、二硫化碳、二甲基二硫醚和乙二醇二甲醚都是产生恶臭的有机成分。研究为该类型废气的治理提供了基础数据和依据。     

HPLC-ICP-MS在植物有机硒形态分析中的应用现状

植物是人们摄取硒的主要来源,富硒植物中富含可开发利用的有机硒,我国湖北恩施高硒地区富硒植物资源丰富亟待开发利用。植物中硒的形态分析是研究开发富硒植物资源的基础,而高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)是目前硒形态分析使用最为广泛的技术,它在样品的前处理、分析灵敏度、准确性等方面均具有优势,可以实现富硒植物中含硒生物大分子、硒形态以及与氨基酸结合位点及机理的分析。因此作者综述了植物样品的预处理过程,介绍了HPLC-ICP-MS联用技术在测定植物硒形态及其应用方面的研究成果,为我国富硒植物、富硒产品中硒形态的分析测定、开发富硒植物资源提供指导。     

小分子有机酸对紫色土及其溶液中Pb的赋存影响

以紫色土中铅(Pb)为研究对象,采用以0.01 mol·L~(-1)硝酸钠(NaNO_3)为背景电解质的一步提取法,研究了不同浓度下乙酸,酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤中Pb的释放作用,并通过土壤重金属形态的分步提取法和地球化学平衡软件Visual MINTEQ v3.0,进一步分析和预测了小分子有机酸作用下土壤中Pb以及土壤溶液中Pb的形态变化.在此基础上,分析了小分子有机酸对Pb作用的环境意义与环境风险.结果表明,3种小分子有机酸均显著增加了紫色土中Pb的释放量,活化效果表现为柠檬酸酒石酸乙酸.在有机酸作用下,土壤中交换态Pb总量增加,碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb总量降低;土壤溶液中Pb以有机结合态为主,占总Pb质量的45.16%~75.05%,游离态次之,占22.71%~50.25%,且随着浓度增加,柠檬酸和酒石酸作用下的土壤溶液中的游离态Pb和无机结合态Pb增加,而有机结合态Pb减少,乙酸则呈相反趋势.总体上看,小分子有机酸提高了紫色土中Pb的生物有效性,且存在地下水的淋溶风险,其中柠檬酸的淋溶风险远大于酒石酸和乙酸.     

长期暴露下纳米二氧化钛对典型淡水藻体砷累积与生物转化的影响

以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为研究对象,通过室内培养实验,研究了长期暴露下纳米二氧化钛(nano-TiO_2)对五价砷[As(Ⅴ)]在典型淡水藻体中累积与生物转化的影响.结果表明不同藻类对无机砷的吸收和转化能力差异很大.长期暴露下斜生栅藻累积的砷(As,以DW计,下同)高达(819.66±11.25)μg·g-1,比铜绿微囊藻累积的As[(355.95±8.31)μg·g-1]高2倍多.Nano-TiO_2可增加藻体对As的吸收累积,降低了培养基中As的含量.同时,nano-TiO_2可增加藻体对As(Ⅴ)的生化转化;其中,铜绿微囊藻中有机砷以二甲基砷(DMA)为主,而斜生栅藻中有机砷以一甲基砷(MMA)为主.另外,长期暴露下nano-TiO_2处理的铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻向培养基释放的甲基砷小于对照组,表明长期暴露中的nano-TiO_2不能促进藻体内甲基砷的释放.研究结果可促进nano-TiO_2与As相互作用时生态风险的理解.     

高架道路周边建筑物灰尘重金属污染风险:以常州市为例

在常州环城高架道路两侧6个住宅小区不同楼层采集126个灰尘样品,测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量,分析其化学形态和垂直分布特征,采用富集系数和风险评价指数评价其污染程度和生物有效性,并进行潜在生态风险评价和健康风险评价.结果表明,灰尘中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr含量均值分别为181.95、709.99、211.24、2.76、101.59和257.55mg·kg-1,均远大于背景值.灰尘中Cd的富集系数为33.05,富集程度为强烈,Cu、Pb和Zn的富集程度为显著富集,它们可能受到自然源、交通源和区域废气传输的综合影响,Ni和Cr富集系数较低,可能主要受自然源影响.随楼层高度的上升,Cd含量呈增加趋势,Pb和Zn含量呈先增加后降低趋势,Cu含量无显著变化.Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb主要以活性态存在,生物有效性较高,Ni和Cr以残渣态为主,生物有效性较低.改进的潜在生态风险评价结果表明,Cd的潜在生态风险极高,对多元素的潜在生态风险起主导作用,且对高层楼的潜在生态风险较大,其它重金属潜在生态风险为中低级.健康风险评价结果表明,Cr对儿童的致癌风险超过安全阈值,其它重金属对成人与儿童致癌风险及非致癌风险均在安全域之内.