高比表面植物基活性炭吸附水中对硝基苯胺的性能及影响因素

以互花米草与棉秆为原料,以KOH为活化剂,制备了2种低成本高比表面微孔植物基活性炭SA-AC和CS-AC,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中对硝基苯胺的吸附特性,测定了溶液pH值、吸附剂剂量、溶液温度对吸附的影响,并探讨了等温吸附行为及其热力学性质.结果表明,在KOH与炭化料的质量比(剂料质量比)为3∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1.5 h条件下,活化制备的互花米草活性炭SA-AC和棉秆活性炭CS-AC的比表面积分别为2 825 m2.g-1和2 135 m2.g-1,微孔容积分别为1.192 cm3.g-1和1.011 cm3.g-1,对水溶液中对硝基苯胺的Langmuir最大吸附量分别为719和716 mg.g-1,远高于商业活性炭ST1300.溶液pH值和温度对吸附有较大影响,在低温及中性条件下有利于制备活性炭对水溶液中对硝基苯胺的吸附.Freundlich与Redlich-Peterson模型能很好地描述对硝基苯胺在2种活性炭上的吸附行为;热力学研究表明,吸附标准吉布斯自由能变ΔG0与标准焓变ΔH0均为负值,表明对硝基苯胺在这2种活性炭上的吸附属于自发的放热吸附过程;吸附标准熵变ΔS00,说明对硝基苯胺在活性炭表面上的迁移比在溶液中受到了更大的限制.     

预处理-生化-气浮工艺处理精制棉废水

以某精制棉生产有限公司精制棉废水处理工程为例,介绍预处理-生化处理-气浮工艺处理精制棉废水的工程应用,总结并分析了工程设计及运行经验。设计处理流量2 000 m3/d,进水CODCr,BOD5,SS质量浓度分别为1 200,623,567 mg/L;运行结果表明:经该组合工艺处理后,出水CODCr,BOD5,SS等水质指标均满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级排放标准。     

颗粒海藻酸镧对饮用水中氟的吸附去除

以氯化镧与海藻酸钠为原料,采用滴球法制备了粒径为1～1.5mm的海藻酸镧小球,经过水洗、干燥后得到镧负载量25%(质量分数)的海藻酸镧颗粒吸附剂,应用该吸附剂进行饮用水除氟研究.通过间歇吸附实验,分别进行了吸附速率、pH值影响、吸附等温线、共存离子影响等吸附性能评价,并对吸附前后吸附剂表面与溶液组成变化进行研究.结果表明,该颗粒的吸附速率很快,反应2h后出水氟浓度即逐渐趋于稳定,吸附速率曲线符合拟二级反应速率方程;吸附效果受pH影响显著,在pH=4附近吸附量最大;吸附等温线数据对Langmuir方程拟合较好,其最大吸附量高达197.2mg·g-1;在常见无机干扰离子中,磷酸根与碳酸根对吸附有较大负面影响.SEM照片显示吸附前、后颗粒表面形态差异明显;吸附前、后颗粒表面EDX成分分析及溶液中离子浓度测量结果显示,吸附过程中溶液中F-同时与颗粒表面Cl-及OH-发生离子交换作用.     

Phosphine functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes: A new adsorbent for the removal of nickel from aqueous solution

Synthesised triphenylphosphine-linked multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Tpp-MWCNTs) were used to study the adsorption of nickel in aqueous solutions and their adsorption capabilities were compared with purified MWCNTs. The adsorption capacity increased with an increase in pH for all adsorbents. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 40 and 30 min for purified MWCNTs and Tpp-MWCNTs, respectively. Both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms used to investigate the adsorption process fitted the experimental data well with the correlation coefficient R² close to 1 for all adsorbents. On the other hand, the experimental data fitted well with a pseudo second-order model. The speciation of nickel also influenced the adsorption on the purified and Tpp-MWCNTs. The adsorbents used in this study showed superior adsorption capacity when compared to other adsorbents reported in the literature.     

硅改性制备疏水性沸石分子筛蜂窝体

通过氢型沸石分子筛粉体与粘结剂、助剂和水混合成面团状后挤压成型,干燥焙烧,再通过四氯化硅疏水改性处理,制备了一种蜂窝状复合沸石分子筛吸附剂.通过低温N2吸附、XRD、吸苯等手段对所制备的分子筛蜂窝体进行表征和评价.结果表明所制备的复合沸石分子筛蜂窝体经过硅改性处理后,硅铝比由4提高至22,比表面和总孔容略降,P/P0=0.95时吸苯量比改性前稍高,达18.05%.相对湿度80%RH条件下（P/P0=0.95）苯的饱和吸附量还能达到15%,与改性前相比增加了1倍多,疏水性优良.     

染整废水深度处理纳滤工艺膜污染成因分析

为调查棉针织染整废水纳滤脱盐系统膜污染的类型和成因,使用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜-EDX能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热重分析仪、高倍光学显微镜和X射线荧光光谱仪,从膜进水水质、膜过程污染状况和膜清洗效果等三方面进行了联合互补检测和综合分析.结果表明,棉针织染整废水脱盐过程中纳滤膜的污染类型包括无机污染、有机污染和微生物污染;干燥(105℃)的污染物成分组成中结合水所占质量分数约8.2%,有机成分所占质量分数约41.0%,无机成分所占质量分数约50.8%;在无机污染物中铁盐污染较为突出,有机污染物所包含的主要官能团为—OH、—CH和—CC,微生物污染物中包含原生动物和后生动物;短期膜污染和长期膜污染分析结果表明有机污染和微生物污染的形成需要长时间的累积效应;纳滤膜清洗试验结果表明,有机污染和微生物污染是引起膜通量下降的主要原因,两者对膜通量影响的贡献率约53.3%.     

Bactericidal effects of adsorbent on Escherichia coli for use in disinfection of drinking water

A synergistic action of silver (Ag) and groundnut husk carbon was shown, which markedly enhanced inactivation of Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a silver-impregnated groundnut husk carbon adsorbent (AdSG) for drinking water disinfection and evaluate % disinfection of E. coli. The results showed that contact of bacterial cells with AdSG resulted in a transfer of Ag ion to the cell, as evidenced by bactericidal activity. It is also possible that Ag produced generation of reactive oxygen species in the cell that led to bactericidal activity of the adsorbent. Data indicated that AdSG was effective as a bactericidal agent and may prove to be economically beneficial in drinking water disinfection.     

Effects of cotton straw amendment on soil fertility and microbial communities

Maintaining soil fertility, while controlling pollution from excessive chemical fertilizer application is important for keeping soil productivity of sustainable agriculture. Variety of straws have been used and proven to be good soil amendments for increasing soil organic matter (OM) and a range of additional soil nutrients. However, little is known about the utilization of cotton straw for soil amendment. To better understand the mechanism behind cotton straw soil amendments, investigations were performed upon cucumber seedlings, where changes to soil nutrients and microbial communities were investigated. The results revealed that the cotton straw application promoted the cucumber seedling growth by significantly increasing the soil OM, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The concentration of cotton straw was positively correlated to both the number of the culturable microorganisms and also the total microbial biomass within soil. Furthermore, assessment of cotton straw application using Biolog metabolic profiling and phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed that such application increased the microbial community metabolic activity, and markedly changed the structure of microbial community. 16S rRNA gene clone library construction and phylogenetic analysis of soil bacteria revealed γ- Proteobacteria sequences dominated the cotton straw amendment soil, comprising 27.8% of the total number of analyzed sequences, while they were less represented in control soil (13.4%). On the contrary, the Sphingobacteria (7.8%) and Verrucomicrobia (2.4%) in the cotton straw amendment soil decreased after application when compared to the control soil 15.2% and 15.2%.     

丁二酰亚胺基修饰的吸附树脂对苯胺的吸附热力学性能

有效去除废水中苯胺及其衍生物是重要的环境问题. 由氯甲基聚苯乙烯树脂与丁二酰亚胺反应,合成大孔交联聚(对乙烯基苄基丁二酰亚胺)树脂(简称丁二酰亚胺树脂),测定了丁二酰亚胺树脂对正庚烷溶液中苯胺的吸附性能. 结果表明:丁二酰亚胺树脂对正庚烷溶液中苯胺的吸附量大于原料树脂. 吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,相关系数大于0.99. 利用热力学函数计算了等量吸附焓变、吸附自由能变和吸附熵变. 树脂对正庚烷中苯胺的等量吸附焓变在20～30 kJ/mol,推测吸附过程为氢键吸附;同时,通过比较树脂对正庚烷溶液中苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺的吸附性能的差别,进一步论证了丁二酰亚胺树脂对正庚烷中苯胺的吸附是基于氢键作用的机理.      

负载型钛凝胶的制备及其吸附去除三价砷的性能

针对钛凝胶（titanium xerogel,TAX）对三价砷[As （Ⅲ）]的吸附容量高（254 mg ·g^-1）但速率慢的问题,通过浸渍法,将TAX负载到活性炭、海绵及树脂材料制备负载型吸附剂,并评价其除砷性能.除海绵外,活性炭和树脂均能成功负载TAX,其中活性炭基材料的钛负载量在1.4%左右,树脂基材料在5%左右.树脂和活性炭的负载均提高了TAX的除砷速率,且树脂基材料提高的程度更明显.对于初始质量浓度为1.0 mg ·L^-1的As （Ⅲ）溶液,树脂基材料（TAX@D201）的吸附速率为0.85 mg ·（g ·min）^-1,是未负载TAX吸附速率[0.04 mg ·（g ·min）^-1]的21倍.在处理实际含砷地下水的柱实验中,TAX@树脂的有效床体积（BV）达560 BV,是相同金属负载量载铁树脂材料的2.8倍（199 BV）.本文结果表明将TAX负载于大孔树脂是一条有效的策略,为TAX应用于含砷地下水的净化提供了新思路.