城市大气稳定度分级模型的研究

应用大气扩散模型计算大气污染物浓度时 ,大气稳定度的确定非常重要。综合考虑气温和总云量与日照强度之间的关系 ,建立了大气稳定度分级的模糊数学法 ;证明了应用该方法求大气稳定度的精度明显高于应用其它方法的精度 ;编写了简单适用的计算机程序 ,大大方便了该模型的应用。     

新型光声光谱法测定总无机碳酸盐含量

采用新型富氏变换红外光谱气体分析仪测定固体及水体样品中总无机碳酸盐含量,原理是CO₂对红外线的主动式光声吸收.反应器浸没在恒温水浴中,经氮气吹洗后,在连续搅动条件下,向样品中加入一定量高氯酸.酸解生成的CO₂对特定波段的红外吸收造成温度和压力的波动,从而产生频率取决于吸收波长的光声信号,再由微型麦克风加以记录.实验对固体和液体标准样品的线性检测范围分别为120 mg的CaCO₃和36.4 mmol/L的NaHCO₃,灵敏度分别为0.02 mg和3 mmol/L.因总无机碳酸盐的酸性缓冲容量对黏土矿物的表面酸碱性质影响显著,故选择不同来源天然伊利石作为模型样品进行测定,并探讨一些影响因素和改进方案.     

接种外源微生物生活垃圾堆肥中的胡敏酸荧光特性

利用城市生活垃圾接种外源微生物,采用工厂化工艺进行堆肥,对堆肥前后胡敏酸荧光光谱进行了分析．结果表明,胡敏酸发射光谱相对简单,在440nm附近形成1个较宽的谱带,而激发光谱与同步扫描光谱则由几个特征峰及肩峰组成．对不同荧光光谱特征峰的分析表明,堆肥结束后,胡敏酸的腐殖化程度明显增加．CK、MS、ZJ、MS＋ZJ各处理的荧光光谱形状基本相似,但主要特征峰的相对荧光强度有明显区别．其中接种外源微生物可明显增加堆肥胡敏酸分子的缩合度,中加酵素菌（ZJ）处理优于美商复合菌（MS）处理,而2种外源菌混合接种具有协同促进作用．通过与土壤中胡敏酸荧光特性比较证实,堆肥后的胡敏酸具有土壤富里酸的特征,活性较高．     

垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液处置工艺中溶解性有机物变化特性

采用“物化+生物处理+深度处理”组合工艺处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液,探索组合工艺对渗滤液的实际去除效果,考察渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)的组成及其结构特性随组合工艺的变化规律,并对其机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当进水COD和氨氮的平均值分别为17825,1946mg/L时,组合工艺对渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率均达到99%左右,出水COD、氨氮、色度分别为57mg/L、5mg/L、15倍.组合工艺对渗滤液DOM中腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机物(HyI)的去除率均达到99%左右,对HA、FA、HyI削减显著的工艺单元分别为混凝2、厌氧和颗粒活性炭(GAC),削减率分别达到86%、77%和84%.出水HA、FA和HyI的COD浓度分别为10,23,6mg/L,其中分子量较小的FA为出水主要组分.随着组合工艺处理过程的进行,渗滤液中DOM的紫外区吸光度值显著下降,DOM的E254、E253/E203分别由1.55、0.64下降至0.012和0.024,说明DOM的芳香性和复杂程度显著降低,脂肪链芳香化合物逐渐增加;此外,E300/E400和E465/E665分别由2.65和2.17增加至9.78和8.03,表明渗滤液中溶解性有机物腐殖化程度不断降低,芳香构化程度不断减小.     

Phototransformation of chlorimuron-ethyl on leaf surface

Chlorimuron-ethyl, a post-emergent herbicide selectively used in soybean and maize, degrades mainly through chemical hydrolysis. Photolysis has also an important role in the degradation of this compound. Phototransformation of chlorimuron-ethyl takes place through the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge, dechlorination, de-esterification and cyclization. Enzymatic de-esterification usually takes place in plant system to liberate the free acid, chlorimuron, which, in fact, inhibits the acetolactate synthase enzyme. In the non-enzymatic environment, de-esterification generally does not occur at normal pH and in moisture-free medium. But on the leaf surface of maize crop de-esterification of chlorimuron-ethyl takes place. The moisture deposited on leaf surfaces by virtue of evapo-transpirational loss of water may cause the de-esterification of chlorimuron-ethyl to the free acid, chlorimuron.     

Detoxification of 4-chlorophenol in TiO2 sunlight system: effect of raw and treated solution on seed germination and plants growth of various sensitive vegetables

The mineralization and detoxification of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) were studied using a TiO₂-paper/sunlight system. The possibility of reusing the photocatalyst was examined to determine the cost effectiveness of the method. Experiments were performed to establish optimum conditions for 4-CP removal. Phytotoxicity of photo-treated and raw 4-CP (100 mg L^?1) solutions on seed germination and plant growth were carried out with the aim of water reuse and environment protection. The seeds irrigated with raw 4-CP solution showed lower sprout length while increase in sprout length was observed with the photo-treated solution for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), onion (Allium cepa), and turnip (Brassica rapa). Plant growth tests with the photo-treated 4-CP solution did not affect the leaf numbers compared to those irrigated with tap water. Photo-treated 4-CP solution can be used for irrigation in agriculture.     

The role of the cloud optical thickness in the attenuation of the solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground: Implications to the human health impacts

Cloud optical depth, as it is derived from the King's method, is compared with that deduced from the simple two stream approximation for the greater Athens, Greece area. The results show that King's method overestimates the cloud optical thickness, in comparison to the two stream approximation. These estimations were also compared with satellite observations provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. This comparison showed that there are large deviations between ground‐based and satellite observations. These deviations are probably due to the uncertainty introduced by the integration procedure of the satellite spatial analyzing resolution (distinctness). Furthermore, values of the simple scattering albedo were calculated by employing a recently proposed theoretical method and using the solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements performed at the Athens University on a routine basis. These results are of great importance for the densely populated areas like Athens, in a sense of health impacts, from enhanced incident solar ultraviolet radiation.     

臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理石化二级出水的试验研究

采用臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对石化废水厂二级出水进行深度处理,系统探讨了pH值对臭氧氧化单元的影响,组合工艺对废水中COD、UV254的去除效果,对废水中有机物相对分子质量分布以及荧光物质含量的影响.结果表明,在臭氧投加量为10 mg·L-1,接触时间为4 min,pH值偏碱性时,臭氧预氧化石化二级出水效果较好.臭氧氧化能将大分子有机物转化为小分子物质,使得相对分子质量小于1 000的有机物比例增加约15%,有效提高了废水的可生化性,有利于后续曝气生物滤池的运行.在曝气生物滤池的停留时间为3 h,气水比为3∶1时,组合工艺对COD、UV254的去除率分别达到40.8%和45.8%.在最佳运行条件下,进水平均COD为86.5 mg·L-1时,组合工艺出水平均COD为49.4 mg·L-1.     

地下水中溶解性有机物的垂直分布特征及成因

地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)能够改变外来污染物的存在形态和迁移转化过程,其组成和分布特征研究具有重要的环境意义.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱,联合平行因子分析和主成分分析,对3个不同埋深(1.2、1.5及1.8 m)地下水中DOM的来源、组成、浓度、分布特征及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,地下水中DOM来源于陆源有机质输入和微生物活动,含有类腐殖质、异质性有机物和类蛋白物质这3种组分,类腐殖质与异质性有机物在中下层含量最高而表层最低,类蛋白物质在中间层含量最低而表层含量最高.中下层地下水中DOM的芳香性、腐殖化率、分子量和极性官能团含量最高,而表层地下水中DOM的芳香性、腐殖化率、分子量和极性官能团含量最低.地下水中DOM的垂直分布主要受有机质腐殖化率、芳香性、分子量和极性影响,腐殖化率和芳香性强、分子量大和极性高的DOM难降解、易迁移进入下层地下水.     

2010年秋季长江口口外海域CDOM的三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术,研究了长江口口外海域的有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光组分特征及其河口动力学行为.PARAFAC模型识别出长江口口外海域的CDOM由6个荧光组分组成,即陆源类腐殖质荧光组分C1[330 nm/390(430)nm]、C2(390 nm/480 nm)、C3(360 nm/440 nm)、海洋生物产物组分C5(300 nm/400 nm)及类蛋白质荧光组分C4(290 nm/350 nm)和C6(275 nm/300 nm).结果表明,C1、C2和C3组分在河口混合过程中呈保守行为,特别是在长江口口外高盐度区;C1和C3组分在总组分中所占比例在整个研究区域随盐度增加呈稀释降低趋势,C2组分在总组分中所占比例在整个区域保持不变;C4组分在低盐度区呈保守行为,在高盐度区呈不保守行为,其在总组分中所占比例在整个研究区域呈上升趋势;C5和C6组分则在整个河口混合过程中呈非保守行为,并且它们在总组分中所占比例在高盐度区呈上升趋势.另外,近岸区和远岸区的CDOM吸收系数a(355)存在显著空间差异,近岸区明显大于远岸区,并且近岸区的a(355)和光谱斜率S的范围小于远岸区;CDOM吸收系数a(355)与陆源类腐殖质C1、C2和C3以及类蛋白质色氨酸C4存在较好的正相关性,而与海洋生物产物C5和类蛋白质酪氨酸C6不存在显著相关性,表明近岸区主要受河流输入影响,而远岸区由陆源和现场生物产生共同控制.