地下水中溶解性有机物的季节变化特征及成因

为阐明地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的分布特征与环境效应,联合三维荧光光谱、平行因子分析及主成分分析,研究了地下水中DOM的来源及随季节和空间变化特征,探究了地下水DOM组成对无机盐分布的影响.结果显示,地下水DOM主要来自微生物源,可鉴别出4种荧光组分,4种组分中,组分1和3为类蛋白组分,组分2和4属于类腐殖质组分.类蛋白组分来源差异较大,组成不稳定,其含量随季节变化明显,春冬季含量低而夏秋季含量高;类腐殖质组分来源相似,组成稳定,随季节变化小.两类荧光组分,尤其是类蛋白组分,是地下水氨氮的主要来源,可以影响地下水pH值.结果表明,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子和主成分分析,可以解析地下水中有机物的组成特征和季节变化规律.     

利用紫外-可见吸收光谱估算三峡库区消落带水体、土壤和沉积物溶解性有机质(DOM)浓度

溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地和水生生态系统的重要物质,有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)是可用光谱测定的DOM组分.基于2012年7月采集的土壤和沉积物样品以及2012年11月采集的水体样品,通过单波长、双波长、吸收光谱斜率(S值)和三波长模型建立CDOM与DOM浓度之间的关系.结果表明,4种模型中三波长模型效果最佳,水体数据模型的决定系数为0.788,土壤数据模型的决定系数为0.933,沉积物模型的决定系数为0.856.同时,利用2013年随机采集的32个土壤样品和36个水体样品对模型精度进行检验,结果表明,土壤DOM浓度的相对均方根误差(RRMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别为16.5%和16.9%,水体分别为10.32%和9.06%,相比土壤DOM而言,三波长模型对水体DOM的预测精度更高.     

水体中亚硝酸盐的光降解

一定浓度的亚硝酸盐溶液经太阳光模拟器照射一定时间后,观测溶液中亚硝酸盐的含量变化.改变溶液条件（介质、pH）和光照条件（时间、光强）等实验条件,同时进行黑暗对照实验,探求影响亚硝酸盐光解的因素和规律.结果表明,在光照的8 h内,时间越长亚硝酸盐的降解率越大,基本符合一级反应动力学曲线;光照强度越大亚硝酸盐的降解程度越大...     

氮掺杂型纳米TiO2在可见光及太阳光下的光催化性能研究

采用钛酸四丁酯为原料,以氨水水解-沉淀法制备出了氮掺杂型纳米TiO2催化剂(N/TiO2),以XRD、XPS、UV-Vis等手段对其进行表征;并通过对偶氮染料橙黄G的降解反应,研究了N/TiO2在可见光及太阳光下的光催化性能,探讨了pH值、外加H2O2氧化剂对光催化降解率的影响,并与P25型纳米TiO2进行了对比.结果表明,在可见光下,N/TiO2对橙黄G具有较高的催化活性,反应150min后降解率可达96.29%,显著高于P25型TiO2(42.55%);在太阳光下,N/TiO2对橙黄G的光催化降解速率较快,反应60min降解率与P25型TiO2基本相同,分别为99.37%、99.94%;较低的pH值环境并适量添加H2O2可显著提高N/TiO2催化效率,在可见光及太阳光下的最佳pH值均为2～3,最佳H2O2加入量分别为0.5mL·L-1、1.5 mL·L-1.     

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation with low cell current(≤1A)and soluble electrodes(mild steel electrodes and aluminum electrodes)was studied.Compared with aluminum electrodes,mild steel electrodes were more effective for the removal of sulfide,with a removal efficiency of over 90%.But during the treatment process,black color precipitate typical to iron(Ⅱ)sulfides was produced.While aluminum electrodes were effective to eliminate the colority of the effluent,the removal efficiency of sulfide was lower than 12%.The mechanisms of the removal of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority with the two soluble electrodes(mild steel and aluminum electrodes)were discussed in detail.In order to exert the predominance of diffenent types of electrodes,the tannery wastewater was treated using mild steel electrodes first followed by the filter and finally by the aluminum electrodes,the elimination rates of chemical oxygen demand,ammonia,total organic carbon,sulfide and colority were 68.0%,43.1%,55.1%,96.7% and 84.3%,respectively,with the initial concentrations 2413.1 mg/L,223.4 mg/L,1000.4 mg/L,112.3 mg/L and 256 dilution times,respectively.The absorbance spectra and energy consumption during electrocoagulation process were also discussed.     

Detection of intermediates in the TiO2-assisted photodegradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation

The photocatalytic degradation of dye Rhodamine B （RhB） in the presence of TiO2 nanostdpe or P25 under visible light irradiation was investigated. The degradation intermediates were identified using Infrared spectra （IR spectra）, ^1H nuclear magnetic resonance （^1HNMR） spectra, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy （GC-MS）. The IR and the ^1HNMR results showed that the large conjugated chromophore structure of RhB was efficiently destroyed under visible light irradiation in both the photocatalytic systems （TiO2 nanostfipe or P25 and Rhodamine B systems）. GC-MS results showed that the main identified intermediates were ethanediotic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and benzoic acid, which were almost the same in the TiO2 nanostdpes and P25 systems. This work provides a good insight into the reaction pathway（s） for the TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants under visible light irradiation.     

Mobility of dimethoate residues from spring broccoli field

Dimethoate [O, O-dimethyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl-methyl) phosphorodithioate] is a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide currently used worldwide and on many vegetables in Kentucky. Dimethoate is a hydrophilic compound (log K_OW = 0.7) and has the potential of offsite movement from the application site into runoff and infiltration water. The dissipation patterns of dimethoate residues were studied on spring broccoli leaves and heads under field conditions. Following foliar application of Dimethoate 4E on broccoli foliage at the rate of 0.47 L acre^?1, dimethoate residues were monitored in soil, runoff water collected down the land slope, and in infiltration water collected from the vadose zone. The study was conducted on a Lowell silty loam soil (pH 6.9) planted with broccoli under three soil management practices: (i) soil mixed with municipal sewage sludge, (ii) soil mixed with yard waste compost, and (iii) no-mulch rototilled bare soil. The main objective of this investigation was to study the effect of mixing native soil with municipal sewage sludge or yard waste compost, having considerable amounts of organic matter, on off-site movement of dimethoate residues into runoff and infiltration water following spring rainfall. The initial deposits of dimethoate were 6.2 and 21.4 μ g g^?1 on broccoli heads and leaves, respectively. These residues dissipated rapidly and fell below the maximum residue limit of 2 μ g g^?1 on the heads and leaves after 10 and 14 d, respectively, with half-lives of 5.7 d on broccoli heads and 3.9 d on the leaves. Dimethoate residues detected in top 15 cm of soil (due to droplet drift and wash off residues from broccoli foliage) one day (d) following spraying, were 30.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the sewage sludge treatment, and 46.1 and 134.5 ng g^?1 dry soil in the yard waste and no mulch treatments, respectively. Water infiltration was greater from yard waste compost treatment than from no mulch treatment, however concentrations of dimethoate in the vadose zone of the three soil treatments did not differ.     

渤海湾两条河流及其近岸海域水体中DOM的光谱特征及影响因素

应用三维荧光光谱结合吸收光谱分析,研究了2019年夏季天津市大清河-独流减河水系和河北省黄骅市捷地减河及其河口区水体中溶解有机物（DOM）的空间分布特征、来源及其影响因素。紫外-可见光谱结果表明,研究区水体的SUVA₂₅₄与盐度有显著正相关关系;两条河流的下游水体中S_275-295均值均大于上游和中游。平行因子分析结果表明,两条河流均检测到两种类腐殖质组分C1（240,300/390 nm）和C3（260,335/477 nm）以及一种类蛋白质组分C2（225,275/339 nm）。在大清河-独流减河水系及其近岸海域水体中,这三种组分与盐度呈显著负相关关系,其中由于人为输入（TN和TP含量高,工业排污）影响导致C2与盐度的相关性弱于C1和C3。该水系水体在低盐度时C2的占比高于捷地减河,主要受到工农业废水输入与其支流子牙河汇入的共同影响,而捷地减河主要受农业废污水输入的影响。此外,自然因素（盐度、海水混合）和人为因素（人为输入、筑坝拦截）的不同导致渤海湾两条入海河流中有色溶解有机质（CDOM）的光学特性和混合行为出现显著差异。其中筑坝拦截导致独流减河坝前水体的CDOM平均分子量低于下游水体,并且增强了河口区陆源类腐殖质的去除作用。综上,三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析能判别河流局部条件的差异对整体CDOM空间分布特征的影响,研究结果可为渤海湾地区河流及河口水体CDOM生物地球化学过程研究提供基础数据。     

ASBR处理食品废水中DOM转化过程的荧光光谱

利用厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)处理食品废水,结合三维荧光光谱技术考察不同反应时段废水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的光谱特征和物质来源,并建立DOM特征峰荧光强度与氨氮浓度的关系.工艺运行结果表明:食品废水经过ASBR处理后,进水的COD从1100mg/L降至91mg/L,COD去除率达到91.73%,说明ASBR反应器可有效降解食品废水中的有机物质.三维荧光光谱显示,5种物质的特征荧光峰,即高激发波长色氨酸(峰A)、低激发波长色氨酸(峰B)、可见光区富里酸(峰C)、紫外光区富里酸(峰D)、类腐殖酸(峰E).随着厌氧生物处理的进行,峰A、峰B和峰C的荧光强度表现为先增加后减少的趋势;峰D荧光强度表现为微弱增加趋势;峰E荧光强度为先减少后增加趋势.荧光光谱指数FI、HIX、BIX表明,废水具有明显生物源特征.建立高激发波长色氨酸、低激发波长色氨酸特征峰荧光强度与色氨酸荧光强度之和与氨氮浓度在反应周期内的相关性,其相关系数分别为0.8136、0.9390、0.9153,说明可通过三维荧光光谱技术快速监测食品废水厌氧生物处理过程中的氨氮浓度.     

负载型三维粒子电极降解甲基橙模拟废水研究

采用负载型活性炭为填充电极的三维电极法处理甲基橙模拟废水,研究了不同粒子电极的处理效果,考察了影响模拟废水中色度与COD去除率的因素,探讨了甲基橙降解的反应动力学,并运用紫外-可见吸收光谱初步研究了甲基橙的降解机理.结果表明,负载锰的氧化物的粒子电极处理效果最好,降解3h后,色度与COD去除率分别达95%与80%;通过单因素实验确定的最佳实验条件:槽电压12V,初始pH值为3,辅助电解质浓度0.05mol/L.反应动力学分析显示,甲基橙降解反应表现为一级反应动力学.紫外-可见吸收光谱分析结果表明,以负载型活性炭为粒子电极的三维电极法对模拟废水中的色度与COD具有很好的降解效果.