Seasonal characteristics of haze observed by continuous visibility monitoring in the urban atmosphere of Kwangju, Korea

Continuous visibility monitoring has been carried out inKwangju, Korea since May 1999. The total light extinctioncoefficient b _ext measured by a transmissometer andreveals seasonal trends in urban visual air quality,especially under hazy conditions with a visual range of lessthan 15 km. Seasonal atmospheric visibility under lowrelative humidity during the winter was observed to be betterthan during any other seasons. Summertime visibility wasseverely degraded due to highly increased light scattering byhygroscopic particles under high humidity atmosphericconditions. Visibility during spring and fall was alsomoderate. However, yellow sand in spring caused the lowestvisibility conditions over the measurement area for a fewdays. With continuous monitoring using the transmissometer,the daily average seasonal visual range was measured to be13.1, 9.2, 11.0, and 13.9 km in spring, summer, falland winter, respectively. Under the atmospheric humiditycondition less than 60%, visual range was observed tobe 16.1, 13.9, 15.1, and 16.6 km in spring, summer,fall, and winter, respectively. The mean light extinctionbudget by sulfate and nitrate aerosols was determined to bethe highest value of 63.71% during the summer and thelowest value of 27.08% during spring. During the `yellow sand dust' period, a mean light extinction budget by soil particles was estimated to be at an unusually high value of 44.22%.     

东海区小黄鱼总允许渔获量初探

根据1991~2003年中国渔业统计年鉴以及东海区渔业资源动态监测网各网站监测产量和捕捞努力量(投网次数)数据,通过同时期东海区小黄鱼产量对海区总捕捞努力量进行标准化,运用剩余产量模型中的Fox模型估算东海区小黄鱼最大持续产量(MS Y)、最适产量(Y0.1)和总允许渔获量(TAC)。结果表明,东海区小黄鱼的最大持续产量为116 565 t,相应捕捞努力量(fMSY)为4 988 315网次,最适产量为113 068 t,相应捕捞努力量(f0.1)为3 890 886网次,TACMSY=99 317 t,TAC0.1=77 468 t。建议以东海区小黄鱼总允许渔获量(TAC0.1)作为渔获量限额指标,对小黄鱼的总允许渔获量进行管理。     

生物炭施用对黄壤土壤养分及酶活性的影响

生物炭因其具有特殊的理化性质,作为土壤改良剂或调理剂被广泛应用于改善土壤质量;土壤养分与土壤酶活性是表征土壤质量化学性质和生物学性质的重要指标.采用大田试验,研究生物炭不同施用水平：0（CK）、5（B5）、10（B10）、20（B20）和50（B50） t·hm^-2对黄壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,运用结构方程模型（SEM）定量分析生物炭处理对土壤养分和酶活性的直接或间接影响及其作用大小.结果表明,生物炭显著增加土壤pH值、电导率、有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾（P<0.05）;随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性先增加后降低,磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性增加（P<0.05）;B10处理下,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性均达到最大值,蔗糖酶活性也相对较高.随生物炭作用时间增加,土壤pH值、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均增加,而电导率和有机碳与之相反;过氧化氢酶活性降低,脲酶和磷酸酶活性升高,蔗糖酶活性无明显变化规律.SEM结果显示,生物炭施用对过氧化氢酶具有直接的负效应;通过提升pH、电导率、有机碳和碱解氮含量间接影响过氧化氢酶活性,通过提升pH和电导率间接促进蔗糖酶活性,通过提高电导率以及碱解氮和有效磷含量间接增加磷酸酶活性.综上,生物炭施用量及作用时间显著影响土壤养分含量,进而间接作用于土壤酶活性;酸性黄壤施用10 t·hm^-2的生物炭较为适宜.     

Advanced purification and comprehensive utilization of yellow phosphorous off gas

Yellow phosphorous is an important raw material in the chemical industry. However, during the production of yellow phosphorous, high concentrations of carbon monoxide and other impurities are released. Without appropriate purification and removal, this off gas has potential to cause severe pollution problems once released. Purified yellow phosphorous off gas can be beneficially reused as a raw material in chemical production for synthesis of high value-added chemical reagents. In this paper, the significance of purification and reutilization of yellow phosphorous off gas are explored. The principles, processes, and main characteristics of the technologies for purification and reuse of yellow phosphorus off gas (including technical measurements of impurity reduction, relevant engineering cases, and public acceptance of the technologies) are summarized. In view of the existing problems and scientific development requirements, this paper proposes several recommendations for green production based on the concept of recycle economics. We conclude that advanced purification and comprehensive reutilization can be an effective solution for heavy pollution resulting from yellow phosphorous off gassing.     

Strontium isotope constraints on the seasonal variation of the provenance of base cations in rain water at Kawakami, Central Japan

The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in monthly precipitation in the forested basin at Kawakami, central Japan, varied seasonally from 0.709 to 0.711 in spring to as low as 0.7062 ± 0.0004 in autumn over nine years from 1987 to 1995. The seasonal variation can be explained in terms of the mixing of three sources of Sr: sea salt (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 0.70917), soluble eolian minerals originating from deserts in continental Asia ( 0.711), and biogenic materials growing on soils derived from the volcanic rock substrates in the vicinity ( 0.706). It is estimated that the contribution of sea-salt Sr into the Kawakami rain Sr is relatively constant (10 ± 5%) and that more than half of the Sr is of biogenic origin throughout the year except during spring rains when 50% of the Sr is due to the dissolution of Ca-minerals from Asian dusts. The dominant contribution of eolian components to spring rains is consistent with the high concentration of ³H, which is typical of air masses from Asia.     

以硫铁矿烧渣为原料制备铁黄

用硫铁矿烧渣精制的FeSO4和N aOH为原料制备铁黄晶种,在二次氧化过程中用滴加氨水的方法制备铁黄颜料,考察了影响晶种质量及铁黄质量的诸多因素。实验得出的铁黄晶种制备的工艺条件为:温度25℃,碱比0.3,Fe2 初始浓度1m o l/L,通氧速率3.0L/(L.m in);二次氧化的工艺条件为:溶液pH3~4,晶种比25%,通氧速率4.0L/(L.m in)。经检测,用该法制备得到的铁黄产品质量达到中华人民共和国化工行业标准HG/T2249—91《氧化铁黄颜料》一级品标准。     

用废铅蓄电池制备黄丹和红丹

以废铅蓄电池为原料,采用湿法、火法联合冶炼技术制备黄丹和红丹。该技术可靠、设备投资少、操作简单、无二次污染、铅尘处理效果好,且环境效益和经济效益显著。用该法制备的红丹产品,Pb3O4质量分数达到97．44％。     

利用激光雷达观测黄沙气溶胶

作为传统的黄沙监测技术的发展和延伸，激光雷达已经成为一种全新的黄沙观测手段，它的使用标志着对黄沙的观测由二维空间发展到三维空间。本文简要阐述了NIES型激光雷达的工作原理，激光雷达的构成，对利用激光雷达观测黄沙气溶胶进行了讨论，提出了利用激光雷达观测黄沙天气，具有连续性、准确性和可视化的三大特点。     

黄河下游灌区土壤碳储量及碳密度分布

土壤碳（C）,特别是土壤有机碳（SOC）,对于提高作物产量和减少温室气体排放具有重要影响,深入理解 SOC 空间分布特征对于未来区域生态环境和农业的可持续发展也具有重要作用。黄河下游引黄灌区是我国重要的粮、棉生产基地,具有50年以上的引黄灌溉历史,长期引黄灌溉对区域土壤C储量和分布的改变毋庸置疑。以往关于土壤C的估算多集中于较大尺度,受采样数据量和大区域环境因素复杂变异影响,结果经常出现较大差异,并且对于大型水利灌溉对土壤 C 分布的长期影响研究较少,尤其对于我国黄河下游引黄灌区土壤 C 分布的研究稀缺。本文通过收集黄河下游鲁、豫灌区相关统计资料,灌区土壤、水文资料等,分7层（0～5 cm、5～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm、40～60 cm、60～80 cm、80～100 cm）采集0～1 m剖面土壤样品,利用GIS空间差值、空间统计方法,分析不同土层、土地利用、土壤类型碳储量和碳密度（CD）空间分布特征,为研究区长期引黄灌溉条件下生态农业的发展提供依据。结果表明研究区（面积54153 km2）1 m土层总碳（TC）储量为1045.13 Tg,SOC储量达815.76 Tg,其0～20 cm,20～40 cm,40～60 cm,60～80 cm和80～100 cm分别占23.44%,20.06%,18.95%,18.83%,18.72%。估算1 m土层耕地和荒地SOC储量分别约为610 Tg和18.99 Tg,而草地和林地仅为25.97 Tg和16.41 Tg;不同土壤成土类型之间,半水成土所占的比例最大（约77.82%）,初育土最小（约5.49%）。1 m土层平均总碳密度（TCD）为（19.37±1.48） kg·m^-2,而平均有机碳密度（SCD）为（15.12±1.14） kg·m^-2,其变化范围从荒地的（14.98±0.91） kg·m^-2到林地的（16±1.15） kg·m^-2,同一或不同土地利用类型各层储量变化略有不同,主要是受人类活动、植被凋落物输入以及地下水环境等影响。不同的土壤类型间SCD则介于?     

黄磷废水处理技术

黄磷废水成分复杂，含P4、F^-和CN^-等多种有毒有害物质，污染严重，须经过处理达标后方可排放。目前国内黄磷废水处理通常采用物化法，其又可分为沉淀氧化法和闭路循环法。分别就这2种技术方法的处理过程及优缺点进行了探讨，并对其存在问题的解决提供了思路。