Experimental study on the minimum explosion concentration of anthracite dust: The roles of O2 mole fraction,inert gas and CH4 addition

The explosion characteristics of anthracite coal dust with/without small amount of CH₄ (1.14 vol %) were investigated by using a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus with an emphasis on the roles of oxygen mole fraction and inert gas. Two methods based on overpressure and combustion duration time were used to determine the minimum explosion concentration (MEC) or the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the pure anthracite coal dust and the hybrid coal-methane mixtures, respectively. The experiment results showed that increasing oxygen mole fraction increases the explosion risk of coal dust: with increasing oxygen mole fraction, the explosion pressure (P_ex) and the rate of explosion pressure rise ((dp/dt)_ex)) increase, while MEC decreases. The explosion risk of anthracite dust was found to be lower after replacing N₂ with CO₂, suggesting that CO₂ has a better inhibition effect on explosion mainly due to its higher specific heat. However, the addition of 1.14% CH₄ moderates the inhibition effect of CO₂ and the promotion effect of O₂ on anthracite dust explosion for some extent, increasing explosion severity and reducing the MEC of anthracite dust. For hybrid anthracite/CH₄ mixture explosions, Barknecht's curve was found to be more accurate and conservative than Chatelier's line, but neither are sufficient from the safety considerations. The experimental results provide a certain help for the explosion prevention and suppression in carbonaceous dust industries.     

液体喷砂射流加工工艺参数的选择原则

介绍液体喷砂射流加工工艺参数的作用及一般的选择原则。全文共分四部分：１．参数种类；２．参数选择范围；３．参数分类；４．变量参数的确定。     

APPLICATION OF THE HEC-4 MONTHLY STREAM FLOW SIMULATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: The HEC-4 monthly stream flow simulation model, developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, California, is used to extend the available historical stream flow records in the Central Ohio area. The principal objective of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the HEC-4 model in generating synthetic monthly flows. Important statistical parameters are evaluated in order to relate the statistical properties of the historical and generated flows. In doing so, it is observed that the mean, standard deviation, and skewness of the generated flows are consistently larger than the corresponding estimates based on historical flows. However, results show that these statistics, as well as the lag-1 serial correlation, are generally well maintained by the generated sequences. The degree to which any statistical dissimilarities would be critical, from an engineering design point of view, is demonstrated by utilizing their low flow characteristics. Estimates of reservoir safe-yields, based on a nonsequential mass-curve analysis of the historical and generated low flows, indicate a nominal difference in this particular study.     

ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO THE FORMULATION OF BASIN HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY EQUATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Along a drainage network, there is a systematic variation of average flow parameters (width, depth, and velocity) at flows having the same flow duration. Hydraulic geometry equations mathematically express this interdependent relationship of stream-flow characteristics for a basin for annual flow durations varying from 10 to 90 percent. However, the equations proposed so far have had rather poor predictive performance for low flows. An independent investigation of the variation of discharge with drainage area and annual flow duration demonstrates a consistent relationship between these parameters. The relationship for the high to median-flow range differs, however, from that for the median— to low-flow range. The proposed equations provide a better predictive performance for low flows than previous formulations and a versatile means of estimating flow parameters for streams throughout a basin. The improved basin hydraulic geometry equations have a wide range of applications in areas such as stream habitat assessment, water quality modeling, channel design, and stream restoration projects.     

中原地区旱涝等级预测──利用游程理论和王邨重建的2232a降水距平资料

本文采用王重建的２２３２ａ降水长序列运用Ｍａｒｋｏｖ过程理论分析了中原各地区旱涝等级的概率特征；定义了净旱涝历时、净旱涝烈度、平均净旱涝烈度参量，并用之建立了中原中心区降水的丰枯段等级预测模式。为中原地区旱涝分析和预测提供了理论依据。     

江苏省大雾的变化特征及气溶胶对其影响

通过分析近50年江苏长序列大雾日数、持续时间、时空分布规律以及其成因,探讨气溶胶对大雾形成的可能机制.研究结果表明:大雾可能出现在任何时候,但在清晨和秋季出现的频率最多.它们的变化可从该区的季节环流背景特征和雾的形成机理得以解释.年代际大雾日变化大体呈现出抛物线(先升后降)分布特征,而大雾持续时间一直呈波动增长趋势,气象因素不能全部解释其变化特征.气溶胶对大雾形成和持续时间可能有重要影响,气象因素和气溶胶共同作用可解释江苏省年际大雾日变化和大雾持续的变化特征.     

基于20L球形爆炸装置的甲烷煤尘混合爆炸实验

利用实验室自行设计的20L球形爆炸装置,对煤尘及甲烷煤尘混合物的爆炸特性进行了研究。结果表明:无论有无甲烷,煤尘的最大爆炸压力随煤尘浓度增加呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,并且均在在煤尘浓度为600g/m3时均达到最大值。同时,甲烷的加入明显提高了煤尘最大爆炸压力值,而且随着甲烷浓度的增加,最大爆炸压力增幅先增加后降低,在甲烷5%时增幅最大。煤尘的爆炸持续时间随煤尘浓度增加呈现先降低后升高的特点,甲烷存在时有同样规律,但是有甲烷时爆炸持续时间明显降低,而且随着甲烷含量的增加,煤尘的爆炸持续时间降低幅度不断增加,在甲烷5%以后趋于稳定。实验结果对生产实践有一定的指导作用。     

A HYDROCLIMATIC APPLICATION STRATEGY FOR THE POISSON PARTIAL DURATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A strategy for formulating and testing the Poisson partial duration extreme value model is presented. The procedure is demonstrated using recorded Streamflow series from a humid subtropical region of the southern United States. The observed data series are partitioned by climatic causes and tested for both the Poisson assumption and the validity of the exponential as marginal distributions. Several statistical tests are utilized in making these determinations. Some important aspects of the model as applied to humid climates are demonstrated. It was found that a majority of Streamflow series could be represented by the model and that significant differences do exist between the arrival structures of floods resulting from different climatic mechanisms. However, these differences generally do not exist in the distribution of the flood magnitudes. In addition, it is possible that model validity is restricted by drainage basin size.     

REGIONALIZATION AND PREDICTION OF FLOODS IN THE FRASER RIVER CATCHMENT,B.C.1

Probability distributions that model the return periods of flood characteristics derived from partial duration series are proposed and tested in the Fraser River catchment of British Columbia. Theoretical distributions describing the magnitude, duration, frequency and timing of floods are found to provide a goof fit to the observed data. The five estimated parameters summarizing the flood characteristics of each basin are entered into a discriminant analysis procedure to establish flood regions. Three regions were identified, each displaying flood behavior closely related to the physical conditions of the catchment. Within each region, regression equations are obtained between parameter values and basin climatic and physiographic variables. These equations provide a satisfactory prediction of flood parameters and this allows the estimation of a comprehensive set of flood characteristics for areas with sparse hydrologic information.     

常温下厌氧氨氧化污泥的储存及活性恢复

An AOB的缓慢生长严重限制了它的广泛应用,因此厌氧氨氧化污泥的长期储存和快速恢复的研究成为必然.本研究在室温(室温14~30℃)下,分别选择了15、30、45、60、75和100 d的储存时间,研究了无外加基质条件下,储存时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性以及恢复后活性的影响.结果显示,经过15、30、45、60、75和100 d的储存,污泥的比厌氧氨氧化活性(SAA)分别是储存前初始SAA的90.9%、64.3%、61.7%、43.2%、25.8%和19.3%.污泥的SAA随储存时间呈线性下降(R2为0.978).污泥恢复后的活性均高于污泥的初始SAA,分别为储存前的初始SAA的103.4%、129.3%、124.8%、111.7%和116.9%,储存了100 d的污泥恢复后的SAA虽未恢复到初始SAA水平,但也达到初始SAA的98.9%.试验结果表明,在长达100 d的常温储存后,厌氧氨氧化污泥的SAA(以N/VSS计)降为0.0513 g·(g·d)~(-1),经过9.5 d的恢复培养,污泥SAA仍能得到基本恢复.