西北地区太阳能资源空间分布特征及资源潜力评估

太阳能资源的开发利用对人类减少化石燃料的消费及温室气体的排放具有极其重要的意义。因此,研究某一区域太阳能资源的时空分布及稳定性对于开发利用太阳能资源至关重要。论文从区域的角度,利用西北5省西安、西宁、兰州等27个辐射站逐日太阳总辐射(1961—2008年)和延安、乌鲁木齐、安康等163个气象站逐日日照时数资料(1958—2008年),用统计分析和规则样条函数插值相结合的方法,采用太阳总辐射和日照时数作为评价指标,分析了西北地区近50 a来太阳能资源的时空变化特征。结果表明:①研究区太阳能资源年际变化和季节变化特征基本一致,中部青海地区日照时数最长和太阳能总辐射最为丰富,属于资源丰富区,陕西南部及西南部地区太阳能资源相对最为贫乏,属于资源缺乏区;②近50 a来,西北地区年总辐射呈明显下降趋势,年均日照时数下降趋势较缓;③163个气象站近10 a各月日照时数大于6 h的天数有45～327 d,大部分站点在200 d以上,其中每年有15个站点大于300 d;④陕西中及南部、乌鲁木齐周边地区太阳能资源最不稳定,太阳能稳定程度指数K值最高,为12.21,而青海北部及青、甘、新三省交界地带资源最为稳定,K值最低,为1.27;⑤太阳能资源的稳定程度与资源潜力大小分布较为一致,即太阳能资源较为稳定的地区,总辐射最高、日照时间最长。     

坡度和降雨影响土壤CO2通量和有机碳流失的模拟研究

坡度和降雨是影响土壤侵蚀发生和发展的重要因素,分析二者对土壤CO_2通量变化的影响,有助于深入理解侵蚀条件下土壤和大气CO_2之间交换的机理.选取黄土高原典型侵蚀性土壤黄绵土,于中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所人工模拟降雨大厅,研究不同坡度(5°、15°和25°)、降雨强度(30、60和90 mm·h-1,即I30、I60、I90)及历时(0.5、1和1.5 h,即H0.5、H1、H1.5)下土壤CO_2通量变化.结果表明:同历时和雨强下,坡度显著影响土壤CO_2通量变化(p0.001),且各坡度下土壤CO_2通量呈现出5°15°25°的趋势,但5°与15°之间差异未达到显著水平,而25°坡度下土壤CO_2通量较5°、15°下显著下降(16.3%~36.5%,10.8%~27.1%);同坡度和历时(H1)下,随着雨强的增加,土壤CO_2通量呈现下降的趋势,相较I30雨强下,I60、I90雨强下对应坡度的土壤CO_2通量降低了2.3%~14.3%,但差异均未达到显著性水平;同坡度和雨强(I90)下,随着历时的增加,土壤CO_2通量也表现出降低的趋势,H1、H1.5历时下,土壤CO_2通量相较H0.5下降1.7%~20.9%,历时对土壤CO_2通量影响达显著性水平(p0.1);土壤CO_2通量的变化与坡面SOC流失量呈线性负相关关系(R2=0.69~0.77,r=-0.83~-0.88,p≤0.1).SOC的流失是导致坡面土壤CO_2通量降低的重要因素.     

三江平原毛果苔草湿地物理过程——能量环境的基本特征

从整个生长季(1999-04-30～09-30)来分析,到达毛果苔草湿地生态系统的太阳辐射能总量约为2673.06MJ/m2.太阳总辐射在一天内不同时间段累积呈现出单峰型曲线(抛物线型);分光辐射总量呈明显的单峰曲线(抛物线型),在分光辐射的几个分量中,光合有效辐射的分配比总是最大,其次是红外辐射,最小的是紫外辐射.净辐射主要与下垫面的季节性植被季相有关,生长初期与生长末期较大,而生长旺盛期较小.      

适应多型直升机的外挂设备挂飞耐久寿命考核方法探讨

目的制定合理的方法以考核外挂设备适应多型直升机的挂飞振动寿命。方法根据直升机外挂设备挂飞振动环境的特点和相关标准所规定,提出将各型直升机的正弦频点叠加至同一随机谱型中,并结合现有振动控制仪能力,提出宽带随机叠加正弦扫频的综合振动频谱考核方法。结果综合控制谱覆盖所有相关直升机引起的随机振动环境和正弦振动环境,组织1次试验即可满足所有载机的挂飞寿命考核要求。结论综合振动频谱的考核方法解决了直升机外挂设备适应挂装多型直升机的挂飞耐久寿命考核问题。     

近50年徐州日照气候变化特征及影响因子分析

利用徐州市日照等观测资料,对徐州市日照时数的年、季、月变化特征进行全面分析。结果表明:徐州市近50年来的年日照时数总体呈减少趋势;从各季日照时数来看,夏冬两季均有减少,其中夏季为四季中日照时数减少最明显的季节;从各月日照时数来看,6月、7月、8月日照时数减少最快;日照时数在20世纪60年代、70年代初和90年代发生明显的变化。另外,对影响日照时数的降水量、云量、雾日、轻雾日等气象因子的变化特征进行分析,找出与徐州市日照时数变化相关的主要影响因子。结果表明,降水量和低云云量的增加以及雾、轻雾等影响日照时数的天气现象日数的增多,是造成徐州市日照时数减少的主要原因。     

Operational sex ratio versus gender density as determinants of copulation duration in the walnut fly,Rhagoletis juglandis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

In laboratory and field studies of the walnut fly, Rhagoletis juglandis Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), we assessed the effect of operational sex ratio on copulation duration and partitioned the sex ratio effect into component effects due to male density and female density. In our first laboratory experiment, results were clearly consistent with theoretical expectation: increases in male density were associated with significant increases in copulation duration while increases in female density were associated with significant decreases in copulation duration. These component effects yielded a striking composite effect of operational sex ratio (OSR) on copulation duration in which male-biased ratios were associated with low frequencies of short copulations and female-biased ratios were associated with high frequencies of short copulations. Consistent with a priori expectations concerning costs of territorial behavior, the effect of male density on copulation duration was stronger than that of female density. There was no significant interaction between the effects of gender density on copulation duration: each gender density contributed additively to the composite OSR effect on copulation duration. In contrast to the effect of OSR, overall density had little effect. Field data corroborated these findings fully and showed additionally that OSR in the vicinity of fruit tended in nature to be male-biased. In a second laboratory experiment, we measured copulation duration for individuals exposed alternately to male-biased and female-biased ratios. Individual flies consistently copulated for longer in male-biased environments than in female-biased ones. We propose that this plasticity permits individuals to track changes in local sex ratio over space and time and respond appropriately. Received: 15 November 1995/Accepted after revision: 27 April 1996     

Decoupling Streamflow Responses to Climate Variability and Land Use/Cover Changes in a Watershed in Northern China

Restored annual streamflow (Q_r) and measured daily streamflow of the Chaohe watershed located in northern China and associated long‐term climate and land use/cover data were used to explore the effects of land use/cover change and climate variability on the streamflow during 1961‐2009. There were no significant changes in annual precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration, whereas Q_r decreased significantly by 0.81 mm/yr (p < 0.001) over the study period with a change point in 1999. We used 1961‐1998 as the baseline period (BP) and 1999‐2009 the change period (CP). The mean Q_r during the CP decreased by 39.4 mm compared with that in the BP. From 1979 to 2009, the grassland area declined by 69.6%, and the forest and shrublands increased by 105.4 and 73.1%, respectively. The land use/cover change and climate variability contributed for 58.4 and 41.6% reduction in mean annual Q_r, respectively. Compared with the BP, median and high flows in the CP decreased by 38.8 and up to 75.5%, respectively. The study concludes that large‐scale ecological restoration and watershed management in northern China has greatly decreased water yield and reduced high flows due to the improved land cover by afforestation leading to higher water loss through evapotranspiration. At a large watershed scale, land use/cover change could play as much of an important role as climate variability on water resources.     

上海城区典型臭氧浓度偏低年的成因分析

利用2006~2010年上海徐家汇、崇明、宝山、金山和浦东5个监测站的臭氧资料,分析了上海地区不同功能区臭氧的浓度特征及年际变化特征。结果表明：2006年上海地区臭氧平均浓度是这5 a的最低值,以徐家汇和浦东两个站臭氧浓度年际差异最为明显。2006年各站春末和夏季的臭氧浓度明显低于其他年份,而秋冬季臭氧浓度却差别不大。以徐家汇地区为例的综合分析表明,天气状况、日照时数、温度和风速等气象要素不是造成2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的原因,臭氧前体物（VOCs和NOx）才是造成这种现象的主要原因。2006年4~8月NOx和VOCs浓度明显偏低,典型臭氧日变化情况下2006年VOCs/NOx比值较小,平均值为1.22,比2007、2008年低了近65%,而O3的生产率也分别减少了65%和59%。OZIPR模式的结果也表明较低的VOCs浓度以及VOCs/NOx比值,是导致2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的主要原因     

Effects of alternating temperatures on development and reproduction of the armyworm,Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of cycling and constant temperature on development and reproduction of the armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) were investigated by rearing the insects on the artificial diet under temperatures covering low(16-24℃ vs. 20 ℃ ), medial(20-28℃ vs. 24℃ ) and high(24-32 ℃ vs. 28 ℃) regions. In the low region, all the immature stages of the insect developed significantly faster under alternating temperatures than at corresponding constant temperatures. For the medial region, their development was little affected by variable temperatures. For the high region, developmental durations tended to be longer under cycling temperatures except egg stage.Mean fecundities of the adult moths markedly increased under cycling temperatures as compared with those at respective constant temperature in all regions.Possible reasons for effect of alternating temperatures on insect development are discussed in some details.     

增进我国水资源利用的途径

本文解释中国水资源丰富而且年内逐月分布合适的情况和原由,列举了北半球各地年降水量和年内1月及7月气温的资料,以资比较。其次说明地区或流域水资源的意义和估算主水资源量和客水资源量的公式,区别了可利用的和自然存在的水资源,把可利用的水资源量分析为当地有效雨量、深层有压地下水量和外来值得引用的水量。最后提出增辟我国水资源的4种途径,分析了我国水资源用量和无霜期中气温、日照和降水量等诸农业气候的关系。