Emission of Volatiles from Polymers — A New Approach for Understanding Polymer Degradation

Emission of low molar mass compounds from different polymeric materials was determined and the results from the volatile analysis were applied to predict the degree of degradation and long-term properties, to determine degradation rates and mechanisms, to differentiate between biotic and abiotic degradation and for quality control work. Solid-phase microextraction and solid-phase extraction together with GC-MS were applied to identify and quantify the low molar mass compounds. Volatiles were released and monitored at early stages of degradation before any matrix changes were observed by e.g. SEC, DSC and tensile testing. The analysis of volatiles can thus also be applied to detect small differences between polymeric materials and their susceptibility to degradation. The formation of certain degradation products correlated with the changes taking place in the polymer matrix, these indicator products could, thus, be analysed to rapidly predict the degree of degradation in the polymer matrix and further to predict the long-term properties and remaining lifetime of the product.     

利用废钻井液净化柴油机废气技术研究

以喷射鼓泡吸收器为净化装置,研究了废钻井液脱除柴油机废气中有害物质的机理,考察了气体喷射速度、吸收剂浓度、吸收剂液高及柴油机工况对废气脱除效果的影响,得出了适宜的操作参数。实验结果表明,废钻井液吸收剂具有表面活性和胶体吸附性,可以全面清除柴油机废气中的有害物质。其中碳烟脱除率可达到68％。HC、SO2和NOx的脱除率可分别达到80％、95％和90％以上,排烟黑度低于1.0Rb。     

高通量中子发生器排放气体中氚去除研究 Ⅱ.回收率与干燥剂性能间的关系

净化含氚气体大多是采用氧化-吸收法。在一定的温度下,催化剂使氚气快速氧化成氚水,然后用干燥剂吸收。净化效率不仅取决于催化-氧化效率,而且取决于干燥剂吸收氚水的能力。 我们分别对A_(12),A_(10),A_7,A_(13),A_(14),A_9,A_(16),A_(17)等干燥剂的性能进行了研究,比较了部分试剂的干燥能力、吸收容量、机械强度及不同温度下的解吸能力,为除氚工艺及共装置的设计提供了参数。     

聚合物/改性白泥纳米复合材料研究与应用

白泥是造纸碱回收的废渣,国内外对造纸碱回收白泥的回收和再利用有了一定的研究,但由于技术问题和回收成本较高等原因,对白泥有效利用问题没能彻底的解决.我们在总结了目前国内外白泥回收现有技术状况的基础上,着重对白泥与聚合物共混制功能材料方面进行了相应的分析和研究,通过对白泥的改性处理并与聚合物共混制得高级别的聚合物/改性白泥纳米复合材料,扩大了回收白泥的应用领域和范围,降低了白泥的回收成本,并有效解决了白泥再利用问题.     

内螺旋外波纹铜管成形工艺研究

采用滚轧加工法来研究内螺旋外波纹T2传热管的成形问题 ,深入浅出的分析了轧管机的轧辐角度与外波纹波距的关系 ,轧辐的旋进速度与铜管前进的关系 ,辊身角度在成形过程中的作用 ,以及管坯的不同状态对波距和内螺旋成形的影响。     

PERFORMANCE OF A NEW POLYMERIC WATER DISINFECTANT1

ABSTRACT: A new insoluble N-halamine polymeric disinfectant material has been tested in a water filter application to determine (1) its tendencies to leach undesirable decomposition products, (2) its range of potential applicability, and (3) its regenerability. In flowing water tests, poly-1,3-dichloro-5-methyl-5-(4‘-vinylphenyl)hydantoin (Poly-I) leached only small amounts of total organic carbon, free and total chlorine, anions, and volatile organics such as trihalomethanes. Furthermore, Poly-I provided bactericidal efficacy over the pH range 4.5 to 9.5 and at temperatures as high as 37°C. Poly-I is deactivated by reducing agents such as sodium thiosulfate and by ethanol; following deactivation, it can be regenerated by exposure to flowing aqueous free chlorine. Poly-I appears suitable for use as a biocidal filter for small potable and recreational waters, for it is effective over a wide pH and temperature range and is readily regenerable. It would not be useful, however, for disinfection of large bodies of water such as in city treatment plants because of its cost and the large amount of the material that would be necessary.     

温度降低对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能及污泥胞外聚合物的影响

本研究系统考察了阶梯降温并恢复至室温（33→25→20→15→10→22℃）长期变化过程（361d）厌氧氨氧化反应器的动态脱氮效能和厌氧氨氧化活性变化,分析了厌氧氨氧化污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化特性,计算获得了厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能.结果表明,在温度20~33℃下,序批式厌氧氨氧化反应器可稳定高效运行,总氮去除负荷维持在0.4gN/（L·d）左右,最大比厌氧氨氧化活性（SAA）大于0.32gN/（gVSS·d）.10℃是厌氧氨氧化菌代谢活性的转折点：当温度降至10℃时,SAA为0.044gN/（gVSS·d）,较33℃时下降91%.当温度恢复至22℃,厌氧氨氧化活性恢复至0.24gN/（gVSS·d）.厌氧氨氧化反应的活化能Ea在10~33℃和10~20℃范围内分别为68.4,152.9kJ/mol.在本实验温度（33→15℃）范围内,EPS含量随着温度降低而升高;在10℃时,EPS含量显著下降,出水中悬浮物升高,造成部分厌氧氨氧化污泥流失.     

不同相对分子质量PBS基共聚物的降解产物对土壤微生物的影响研究

以陕西花园土为供试土样,采用室内模拟实验,在土壤中加入一定量的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）,研究不同数均相对分子质量的PBS（Mn分别为3.46×103、8.13×103、1.60×104、3.50×104）对土壤呼吸强度,微生物（细菌（bacteria）、真菌（fungi）、放线菌（actinomycetes））数量的影响,以此来探讨PBS降解产物对土壤微生物生理特性的影响。研究结果表明：①相对分子质量为3.46×103和8.13×103的PBS在其质量分数较低时有利于土壤呼吸强度的增加,有利于细菌的生长,最大增长幅度达到40%,在其质量分数较高时有利于真菌生长,最大增长幅度达到500%。②相对分子质量为1.60×104和3.00×104的PBS随着PBS质量分数的升高,对土壤呼吸强度和微生物数量的促进作用相应增加,对土壤呼吸强度的提高幅度最大达11.6%,对真菌的提高幅度达178%。     

Formation of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated benzenes by heating of bis(2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide

The formation of di‐, tri‐, and tetrachlorobenzenes, and di‐ to hexachlorobiphenyls was demonstrated after thermal degradation of bis(2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide alone or in various solvents at 250 °C with yields of up to several percent. Possible radical reactions between solvents and the solute are suggested. PCB congeners are also present in silicone rubber crosslinked by this peroxide.     

锂离子电池用新型复合聚合物电解质膜的性能研究

聚合物电解质膜是影响锂离子电池性能的重要因素,通过对聚合物的改性,能够改善聚合物电解质膜综合性能.本文以偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物[P(VDF-HFP)]为基,以N甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作溶剂,γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)作添加剂,用倒相湿法制备出复合聚合物电解质膜,并对其离子传递、膜结构和电化学性能进行了研究.用限制扩散方法测定了该电解质膜的锂离子扩散系数为5.68×10-10 cm2·s-1;用稳态极化法测定了该电解质膜的迁移数为0.61;用交流阻抗法测得该电解质膜的室温最高电导率可达1.73×10-3S·cm-1.测试结果表明,该聚合物电解质膜具有较好的离子传输性质和电化学性能.