An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

Optimal locations of monitoring stations in water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns: a flaw of demand coverage method and modification

A flaw of demand coverage method in solving optimal monitoring stations problem under multiple demand patterns was identified in this paper. In the demand coverage method, the demand coverage of each set of monitoring stations is calculated by accumulating their demand coverage under each demand pattern, and the impact of temporal distribution between different time periods or demand patterns is ignored. This could lead to miscalculation of the optimal locations of the monitoring stations. To overcome this flaw, this paper presents a Demand Coverage Index (DCI) based method. The optimization considers extended period unsteady hydraulics due to the change of nodal demands with time. The method is cast in a genetic algorithm framework for integration with Environmental Protection Agency Net (EPANET) and is demonstrated through example applications. Results show that the set of optimal locations of monitoring stations obtained using the DCI method can represent the water quality of water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns better than the one obtained using previous methods.     

大气重金属引发交叉污染的研究进展

大气重金属污染在国内影响范围广,危害严重,需要引起相当的重视.大气中的重金属污染物可沉降于水体或土壤,也可和其它污染物质发生反应,造成交叉污染.交叉污染不但改变了大气重金属污染物的迁移性,而且有可能增强其毒性,是需要密切关注的对象.本文综述分析了影响大气中重金属污染引起交叉污染的因素及其形式特点等问题,并对相关研究的前景进行了展望.     

水中N-亚硝胺类消毒副产物的污染现状及分析技术

N-亚硝胺是一类新兴的饮用水消毒副产物,毒性比常规的消毒副产物三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）更大.本文介绍了水中N-亚硝胺类消毒副产物的种类和性质,综述了水中N-亚硝胺的浓度水平及目前的分析和检测方法,指出了在N-亚硝胺的分析和检测方面有待进一步研究的方向.     

中空纤维膜辅助离子液体液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境水体中的水杨酸

分别以l-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体([C8MIM][PF6])和三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)作为萃取剂与辅助萃取剂,建立了中空纤维膜辅助的两相液液微萃取-高效液相色谱测定环境水体中水杨酸(Salicylicacid,SA)的新方法.通过对中空纤维膜种类、萃取剂、供体相体积、供体相pH、离子强度和萃取时间相关参数进行优化,获得了较高的富集倍数(1653倍).方法的检出限为0.1μg.L-1,线性范围为0.5—1000μg.L-1.方法对实际样品的加标回收率为89.6%—102.4%,可应用于环境水体中痕量SA的测定.     

三唑酮对大型溞21天慢性毒性效应

三唑类杀菌剂是一种在农业上广泛应用的广谱性杀菌剂.三唑类杀菌剂在农田施用后能够向土壤深处迁移和扩散,从而污染土壤和地下水体,因此三唑类杀菌剂对土壤生态环境能够造成一定的破坏.选择三唑酮为研究对象,参照经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Develop...     

基于T-RFLP和因子分析的香蒲根际细菌群落研究

以北京市永定河王平湿地为研究对象,应用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)对王平湿地再生水补水口及其远离补水口的香蒲根际细菌和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落结构及多样性变化进行分析,在此基础上结合MiCA3比对、典范对应分析(CCA)和多元统计中因子分析(FA),解析湿地不同空间细菌群落功能特性的变化.结果显示再生水补水口细菌群落各多样性指数均明显低于远离补水口细菌群落,而氨氧化细菌群落则呈现相反趋势.基于传统的T-RFLP片段MiCA3比对、CCA和FA相结合的分析表明:对细菌群落,占再生水补水口细菌群落总丰度55.6%的菌群与150bp代表的鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)具相似净化功能,并与总有机碳生物化学循环过程具密切关系,其次占再生水补水口上游细菌群落总丰度75.5%的菌群与81bp为代表的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和Geitlerinema sp.具相似净化功能,并与氮的生物化学循环过程具密切关系.占再生水补水口下游细菌群落总丰度68.7%的菌群与138bp代表的小单孢菌属(Micromonospora sp.)具相似净化功能,同时与重金属Cu、V、和Ti生物化学循环具密切关系.对氨氧化细菌,266bp受铵态氮影响较大,占再生水补水口氨氧化细菌群落总丰度65.5%的菌群与266bp代表的Nitrosomonas sp.具相似的生境特征,适合在高氨环境中生长;与58bp所代表的Nitrosospira sp.具相似功能特性菌群丰度在远离补水口样点中较前者呈现显著增加趋势,表征该类菌群适合在相对低氨环境中生长.     

铁氮共掺杂生物炭对二级水溶解性有机物的吸附特性与长效性评价

为经济高效地去除污水厂二级水中溶解性有机物(DOM),采用铁氮共掺杂生物炭材料(Fe-N-C)作为新型吸附剂,系统分析了该新型碳材料对于二级水DOM的吸附性能、动力学过程、选择性和作用机制.此外,通过固定床吸附装置深入考察了该吸附材料的长效性和重复利用性.结果表明,Fe-N-C对于二级水DOM具有突出的吸附性能,投加量...     

模型模拟土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响

为推动再生水安全灌溉,本研究运用ENVIRO-GRO模型模拟了不同土壤性质、植被条件下土壤盐分的分布规律及累积趋势,探讨了土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响.研究发现,不同土壤初始含盐量下,经多年重复模拟后最终达到统一的平衡状态;而不同土壤质地下,随着灌溉年份的增加,壤土、黏壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐增加直到平衡,砂壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐减少直到平衡,平衡时土层中的ECe值砂壤土〈壤土〈黏壤土.3种植被下,大叶黄杨、油松的土壤ECe值增加量小于早熟禾;土壤盐分在土层中的空间、时间分布也均有所不同.此外,不同模拟情景下,土壤盐分累积都不会影响植被的生长（黏壤土除外）,但均出现轻度盐渍化（砂壤土除外）.     

春季生物作用对山地岩溶池水地球化学特征的影响

岩溶水文系统对外界环境变化敏感,使得岩溶区水质存在昼夜、小时甚至分钟等尺度的变化.许多地表水体都会经历p H值、溶解性气体、微量元素以及其他水化学指标的昼夜变化.重庆金佛山水房泉及受其补给的水池地处海拔2 050 m的山地岩溶区,具有温带气候特征.通过对水房泉泉水(以下简称泉水)及水池进行为期3 d的昼夜监测,以期探究春季生物作用对岩溶池水地球化学的影响.研究发现,在昼夜时间尺度上,泉水地球化学指标基本稳定,未表现出昼夜变化,池水地球化学指标化学表现出了昼夜波动,但水温、溶解氧、p H值、电导率等物理化学指标昼夜变化幅度较小.在不同的天气条件下,水温、溶解氧、Cl-等昼夜变化幅度存在差别;池水二氧化碳分压(p CO2)、Ca2+、DIC白天降低、晚上升高,方解石饱和指数(SIc)相反;这些指标的变化受控于温度、碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解与沉淀、水生植物光合作用与呼吸作用;通过亨利常数的计算,发现水温变化对p CO2变化的影响仅占0.79%~10.01%,水温、碳酸盐岩沉淀等物理因素对DIC损失量的贡献率为39%,水生植物光合作用的贡献率为61%.