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331.
Fearnside Philip M. Lashof Daniel A. Moura-Costa Pedro 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2000,5(3):239-270
Many proposed activities formitigating global warming in the land-use change and forestry(LUCF) sector differ from measures to avoid fossilfuel emissions because carbon (C) may be held out ofthe atmosphere only temporarily. In addition, thetiming of the effects is usually different. Many LUCFactivities alter C fluxes to and from the atmosphereseveral decades into the future, whereas fossil fuelemissions avoidance has immediate effects. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are animportant part of emissions from deforestation inlow-latitude regions, also pose complications forcomparisons between fossil fuel and LUCF, since themechanism generally used to compare these gases(global warming potentials) assumes simultaneousemissions. A common numeraire is needed to expressglobal warming mitigation benefits of different kindsof projects, such as fossil fuel emissions reduction,C sequestration in forest plantations, avoideddeforestation by creating protected areas and throughpolicy changes to slow rates of land-use changes suchas clearing. Megagram (Mg)-year (also known as`ton-year') accounting provides a mechanism forexpressing the benefits of activities such as these ona consistent basis. One can calculate the atmosphericload of each GHG that will be present in each year,expressed as C in the form of CO2 and itsinstantaneous impact equivalent contributed by othergases. The atmospheric load of CO2-equivalent Cpresent over a time horizon is a possible indicator ofthe climatic impact of the emission that placed thisload in the atmosphere. Conversely, this index alsoprovides a measure of the benefit of notproducing the emission. One accounting methodcompares sequestered CO2 in trees with theCO2 that would be in the atmosphere had thesequestration project not been undertaken, whileanother method (used in this paper) compares theatmospheric load of C (or equivalent in non-CO2GHGs) in both project and no-project scenarios.Time preference, expressed by means of a discount rateon C, can be applied to Mg-year equivalencecalculations to allow societal decisions regarding thevalue of time to be integrated into the system forcalculating global warming impacts and benefits. Giving a high value to time, either by raising thediscount rate or by shortening the time horizon,increases the value attributed to temporarysequestration (such as many forest plantationprojects). A high value for time also favorsmitigation measures that have rapid effects (such asslowing deforestation rates) as compared to measuresthat only affect emissions years in the future (suchas creating protected areas in countries with largeareas of remaining forest). Decisions on temporalissues will guide mitigation efforts towards optionsthat may or may not be desirable on the basis ofsocial and environmental effects in spheres other thanglobal warming. How sustainable development criteriaare incorporated into the approval and creditingsystems for activities under the Kyoto Protocol willdetermine the overall environmental and social impactsof pending decisions on temporal issues. 相似文献
332.
张瑞华 《辽宁城乡环境科技》2004,24(5):16-18
从硒的生物学作用和防治疾病等方面剖析了硒与人体健康的关系;从元素地球化学、生物地球化学和化学地理等方面探讨了我国缺硒区的形成、分布和等级的划分;从环境地球化学物质场和元素生物地球化学营养链等方面.阐明了作物、禽畜和人体缺硒的原因、危害及其人体补硒的途径和方法,提出了在缺硒区运用元素生物地球化学营养链营养结构模式的原理、和技术方法,从土壤中获取富硒有机食品,供居民食用,是进行食物补硒、提高人体摄硒量、提高人体免疫功能和防治缺硒病症的根本措施。 相似文献
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334.
电极材料对电解法处理循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液效果的影响研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
分别用3种不同材料电极(不锈钢、Ti/Pt和Ti/RuO2-IrO2)作阳极、石墨电极作阴极在同一条件下分别对循环式准好氧填埋垃圾场渗滤液进行电解处理对比研究。研究结果表明,随着电解时间的变化,渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD、重金属离子浓度、色度和pH值均会发生改变。当电解时间为10—20min时,用上述3种电极作阳极电解均会出现渗滤液COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD增大的现象;当电解时间为30—40min时,用Ti/RuO2-IrO2或Ti/Pt电极作阳极电解均可使渗滤液的色度降为0;当电解时间为120min时,分别用3种电极作阳极电解都可使渗滤液中的COD、BOD5和重金属得到有效的去除,其中用Ti/RuO2-IrO2电极作阳极电解对COD、BOD5的去除效果最好:用Ti/Pt电极作阳极电解对Pb^2+的去除效果最好。 相似文献
335.
A novel electrocatalysis method for phenol degradation was described using a β-PbO2 anode modified with fluorine resin and a Ni–Cr–Ti alloy cathode. In case of air sparging at the cathodic zone, the techniques of anodic–cathodic electrocatalysis (ACEC) and ferrous ion catalyzed anodic–cathodic electrocatalysis (FACEC) in the presence of iron(II) were developed. Both of ACEC and FACEC were more effective than anodic electrocatalysis (AEC). The percentage of phenol eliminated by FACEC could increase by nearly 30% compared with that of AEC, and the current efficiency could reach to 70%. Important operating factors such as ferrous ion concentration, air-sparging rate and applied current were investigated and it was found that such beneficial effects could be achieved at a suitable current and ratio of the concentration of ferrous ion to the air sparged. The mechanism of phenol degradation is proposed to be the generation of hydroxyl radicals concerned with the two electrodes. Results also indicated that the process provided an efficient way to regenerate ferrous ion compared with the conventional Fenton's system. 相似文献
336.
废气治理的低温等离子体-催化协同净化技术 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
低温等离子体 催化协同净化技术具有能耗低、投资少、处理效率高、不产生二次污染等显著优点备受人们的关注。从挥发性有机化合物 (VOC)的转化、氮氧化合物的脱除、汽车尾气净化等不同废气治理的角度 ,概括了目前国内外在这方面的研究进展 ,最后提出了该项技术在环境保护领域的应用前景及研究方向 相似文献
337.
Mohr S Feibicke M Ottenströer T Meinecke S Berghahn R Schmidt R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(1):5-7
Scope The German Federal Environmental Agency has put into operation a new modular mesocosm system consisting of eight outdoor and eight indoor ponds and streams in order to investigate fate and effects of chemicals and municipal wastewater in aquatic ecosystems. General design and special characteristics are given to demonstrate the wide range of possibilities for experimental research. - General design. Each of the 16 streams with riffle and pool sections can be varied in length up to 106 m. The streams can be run as circular or flow-through systems at a flow velocity of 0.02 to 0.6 m/s. Physico-chemical standard parameters are measured on-line. The 16 ponds, which can be connected to the stream systems, are equipped with drainage and pore water-sampling devices for simulating processes in the littoral zone including influent and effluent ground water flow. Perspectives Since the highly flexible and controllable construction also allows treating a wide range of hydrological and ecological experiments external institutions are invited to submit proposals. 相似文献
338.
339.
Reductive dechlorination of non-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls by ultraviolet irradiation in alkaline 2-propanol 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Yuan Yao Kohji Kakimoto Hiroaki I. Ogawa Yasuhiko Kato Yoshifumi Hanada Ryota Shinohara Eiichi Yoshino 《Chemosphere》1997,35(12):2891-2897
The photodechlorination pathways of 3,3′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (3,3′,4,5,5′-PentaCB) and the related lower polychlorinated biphenyl congeners irradiated at 254 nm in alkaline 2-propanol were elucidated. Steric effect is the most important factor for controlling the dechlorination pattern of these substrates. Electronic effect also influences the photoreactivity of chlorine substituents. 相似文献
340.
以花卉三角梅修复Cd和佳乐麝香污染土壤为研究对象,探讨大气CO2浓度升高对该植物吸收Cd和佳乐麝香的影响,并通过检测植物根际各相关指标综合分析三角梅修复生态系统的整体功能.结果表明,CO2浓度升高、Cd和佳乐麝香的联合胁迫对三角梅生长没有显著抑制,对其吸收Cd和佳乐麝香具有促进作用,尤其是750μL/LCO2、50mg/kg Cd和佳乐麝香处理促进作用最显著,并且,此时三角梅根际细菌的数量最多.脲酶活性随不同处理组浓度变化存在显著性差异.佳乐麝香的添加和CO2浓度升高促进了土壤有机碳的增加.综上,三角梅具有应用于大气CO2浓度升高条件下修复Cd和佳乐麝香复合污染土壤的潜力. 相似文献