TEMPORAL RESPONSES OF SURFACE‐WATER AND GROUND‐WATER TO PRECIPITATION IN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: Illinois data from 168 months (1986–1999) were investigated to determine the responses of surface‐water and ground‐water resources to precipitation. Such responses were generally within the month of occurrence or one to two months later, with recovery being reached another one to three months into the future, depending on season of the year. Although the drought of 1988 immediately impacted surface‐water and ground‐water resources, the time of recovery was substantially longer compared to those of individual dry months, generally continuing for several months. The extremely wet summer of 1993 resulted in elevated responses in water resources almost immediately, but in this instance continued through the following fall and winter, into the spring of 1994.     

Comparing environmental influences on coral bleaching across and within species using clustered binomial regression

Differential susceptibility among reef-building coral species can lead to community shifts and loss of diversity as a result of temperature-induced mass bleaching events. We evaluate environmental influences on coral colony bleaching over an 8-year period in the Florida Keys, USA. Clustered binomial regression is used to develop models incorporating taxon-specific responses to the environment in order to identify conditions and species for which bleaching is likely to be severe. By building three separate models incorporating environment, community composition, and taxon-specific responses to environment, we show observed prevalence of bleaching reflects an interaction between community composition and local environmental conditions. Environmental variables, including elevated sea temperature, solar radiation, and reef depth, explained 90% and 78% of variability in colony bleaching across space and time, respectively. The effects of environmental variables were only partially explained (33% of variability) by corresponding differences in community composition. Taxon-specific models indicated individual coral species responded differently to local environmental conditions and had different sensitivities to temperature-induced bleaching. For many coral species, but not all, bleaching was exacerbated by high solar radiation. A 25% reduction in the probability of bleaching in shallow locations for one species may reflect an ability to acclimatize to local conditions. Overall, model results indicate predictions of coral bleaching require knowledge of not just the environmental conditions or community composition, but the responses of individual species to the environment. Model development provides a useful tool for coral reef management by quantifying the influence of the local environment on individual species bleaching sensitivities, identifying susceptible species, and predicting the likelihood of mass bleaching events with changing environmental conditions.     

施用不同氮肥对坡耕地径流中N输出的影响

以山东省泰安东北部刘家庄村坡耕地为研究区域,通过实地监测多次天然降雨中农田养分的流失,研究施肥处理对氮素流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著地增大了农田径流中氮素浓度及流失量;在相同施肥量的实验条件下,与碳酸氢铵和普通尿素相比,控释尿素可有效地降低氮素流失15%～25%;70%左右的氮素流失发生在监测的前期.合理施肥、降低表土中速效氮养分含量是减少农田氮流失的关键途径之一.     

改进密切值法在地面水环境质量评价中的应用

密切值法(OsculatingMethod)作为一种多目标优选方法,在水环境质量评价中具有一定的应用。经过改进,将环境标准作为评价样本,参与到地面水环境样本的矩阵中,可以分析出各个监测断面的水质优劣排序,并使其与各级环境标准的关系一目了然。引入层次分析法,对各评价指标的贡献程度加以确定,保证了地面水环境质量评价的科学性。     

PDMDAAC-阳离子膨润土的比表面积和吸蓝量的研究

以工业聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和钠基膨润土为原料,采用水溶液吸附的方法和高温活化法合成阳离子膨润土复合材料,用次甲基蓝滴定法测定膨润土与阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量;用BET氮气吸附法测定比表面积,最后用阳离子膨润土处理染料废水．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量和比表面积有了不同程度的提高,随着吸附量的增加,吸蓝量和比表面积都增大,对废水的处理效果表明,阳离子膨润土的脱色率和COD的去除率都有较大的提高．     

Optimization of process parameters of extraction of lotaustralin from the roots of Rhodiola rosea L using supercritical CO2 plus modifier

Lotaustralin from the root of Rhodiola rosea L was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with methanol as modifier. Response surface methodology using Box–Behnken experimental design was utilized to explore parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The effects of various values of temperatures (50–70 °C), pressures (200--400 bar), and percentages of methanol modifier (80%–100%) on the extraction yields of lotaustralin were evaluated. Extract identification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental data obtained were fitted to second-order polynomial equations and assessed using analysis of variance. The highest yields predicted from the experiments were 2.05 g kg^?1 lotaustralin at the optimal values, i.e. temperature 65 °C, pressure 316 bar, 88% methanol modifier at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min^?1, and dynamic extraction time 90 min.     

A novel pretreatment process of mature landfill leachate with ultrasonic activated persulfate: Optimization using integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology

A novel advanced oxidation process (AOP) using ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation was used to pretreat mature landfill leachate. The effects of different operating variables (e.g., the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, pH, temperature, ultrasonic power and reaction time) on the oxidation performance were investigated regarding the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency, and the variables were optimized using the integrated Taguchi method and response surface methodology (RSM). Based on the Taguchi method under L₁₆ (4⁵) arrays and a grey relational analysis, the most significant variables included the initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration, temperature and reaction time. The concentrations of these variables were further optimized using RSM. Using the integrated optimization method, the optimal conditions included an initial S₂O₈²⁻ concentration of 8.5 mM, a reaction temperature of 70 °C and a reaction time of 2.46 h, which resulted in a TOC removal efficiency of 77.32%. The experimental results showed that the enhanced TOC removal from mature landfill leachate by sono-activated persulfate oxidation could be attributed to the combined effects of ultrasonic catalysis and sulfate radical-AOP. Overall, ultrasonic activated persulfate oxidation is a promising method for the pretreatment of landfill leachate.     

Sucrose-derived catalytic biodiesel synthesis from low cost palm fatty acid distillate

The current homogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel product however, would lead to formation of many undesirable by-products that make the post treatment of the biodiesel to be difficult and costly. Thus, sucrose-derived solid acid catalyst was developed in the present study which aims to improve the esterification process and reduce the generation of waste. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were studied by various techniques such as, BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed desorption of NH₃ (TPD-NH₃), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) is used to determine the optimum parameters for the catalytic reaction. The experimental results showed that the catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity in the transesterification of PFAD, providing maximum biodiesel yield of 94% at optimum parameters. The better catalytic activity of the aforementioned catalyst in the biodiesel reaction could be attributed to the presence of optimal number of catalytically active acid site density on its surface.     

城市地表形态对热环境的影响——以上海市为例

基于遥感与GIS技术,利用Landsat7-ETM+影像反演地表温度,用社会经济统计数据、土地利用现状数据和道路交通网络数据计算城市景观形态参数以表征地表特征,从行政区(县)、5km间距同心环带和局部区块3个水平上划分空间单元建立数据样本,分析城市地表形态对热环境空间分布格局的影响。结果表明:(1)景观混合度和景观分裂度对地表温度有恒定的负向影响,区块连通性与地表温度负相关;(2)景观分裂度对热环境的影响取决于地类属性:分裂度大的增温地类,地表增温效应弱;分裂度大的降温地类,地表降温效应强;(3)人口密度和经济密度可对地表温度产生恒定正向影响;(4)人口密度、建设用地比例和房屋建筑比例是分布在区(县)尺度、同心圆环尺度和典型区块尺度上影响地表热环境最显著的地表形态要素。     

Effects on nano zero-valent iron reactivity of interactions between hardness, alkalinity, and natural organic matter in reverse osmosis concentrate

Nanoscale zero-valent iron （NZVI） is considered to have potential to reduce nitrate in the concentrate generated by high pressure membrane processes aimed at water reuse. However, it is necessary to verify the effect of the matrix components in the concentrates on NZVI reactivity. In this study, the influence of hardness, alkalinity, and organic matter on NZVI reactivity was evaluated by the response surface method （RSM）. Hardness （Ca/＋） had a positive effect on NZVI reactivity by accelerating iron corrosion. In contrast, alkalinity （bicarbonate; HCO3） and organic matter （humic acid; HA） had negative effects on NZVI reactivity due to morphological change to carbonate green rust, and to competitive adsorption of HA, respectively. The validity of the statistical prediction model derived from RSM was confirmed by an additional confirmation experiment, and the experimental result was within the 95% confidential interval. Therefore, it can be indicated that the RSM model produced results that were statistically significant.