IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS - SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern iii base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91.     

DENSITY CURRENT INTRUSIONS IN AN ICE-COVERED URBAN LAKE1

ABSTRACT: Evidence is presented that snowmelt runoff from an urban watershed can produce density current intrusions (underflows) in a lake. Several episodes of density current intrusions are documented. Water temperatures and salinities measured near the bottom of a 10 m deep Minneapolis lake during the late winter warming periods in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1995 show significant rapid changes which are correlated with observed higher air temperatures and snowmelt runoff. The snowmelt runoff entering this particular lake (Ryan Lake) has increased electrical conductivity, salinity, and density. The source of the salinity is the salt spread on urban streets in the winter. Heating of littoral waters in spring may also contribute to the occurrence of the sinking flows, but is clearly not the only cause.     

螺旋升流反应器氧传递性能的试验研究

本文主要针对螺旋升流反应器技术特性，对工艺的好氧反应器进行了氧传递性能的试验研究，考察了反应器水深、曝气量等对螺旋升流反应器氧转移过程的影响；并对试验数据进行回归，得到了氧传质总系数与螺旋升流反应器内表现气速的数学关系。试验结果表明，螺旋升流反应器具有良好的氧传递特性，是一种新型的高效、节能的污水处理反应技术。     

英语写作中Chinglish的成因分析

在母语环境中学习外语的过程始终存在母语的干扰。针对大学英语写作中出现的Chinglish——中式英语的现象，从皮亚杰的发生认识论、母语负迁移及中西思维模式差异等方面分析了中式英语的成因。揭示其成因对于大学英语教师改进写作教学具有重要意义，从而更好地帮助学生用英语思维模式写出地道的英文。     

我国表面处理产业现状及集群化发展对策研究

本文介绍了我国表面处理业发展现状、特点及普遍存在的问题，探讨了以专业园区（表面处理工业园）的形式实施表面处理行业集群化发展的必要性和措施，提出将涉及表面处理工艺的企业纳入园区统一管理，对规范表面处理行业的几个基本要素，即运营模式、收费模式等进行了分析。     

淮河流域旱涝易发区农田的陆气相互作用——CO2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化特征

利用淮河流域旱涝易发区的安徽省寿县农田下垫面陆气相互作用观测试验资料,重点分析观测期内CO2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化,并讨论了与此有关的辐射分量通量、下垫面反射率、波恩比、能量闭合守恒、土壤温度和土壤湿度的季节变化.结果表明CO2通量、能量分配受地表农作物长势影响明显,其中,水稻灌浆、成熟期,被稻田吸收的CO2通量最大可超过2 mg·m-2·s-1,潜热通量达到正的极大值.稻田光合作用最旺盛时期吸收的CO2通量和释放的潜热通量均大于小麦田光合作用最旺盛时期的对应量.较大土壤热通量对应于较低的土壤水含量.试验观测期的下垫面平均反射率为0.14.作物生长期,稻田表面潜热是下垫面吸收能量的主要消费者,小麦田表面潜热和感热相当.能量闭合率ε的变化范围为0.4～1.     

城市地下空间与节约型和谐社会建设——论中国城市地下空间的发展战略选择

进入“十一五”规划期,中国的大城市正面临着“建构资源节约型、环境友好型和谐社会”的重大战略转型。城市地下空间资源的综合开发利用是实现这一伟大战略目标的重要保障之一。作者在研究总结国外大城市地下空间资源综合开发利用成功经验与教训的基础上,分析未来中国城市发展趋势,论述城市地下空间资源综合开发利用的发展方向与战略目标,创造性的提出了实现这一伟大战略目标应该创建的中国式综合管理的体制、机制与法制。本文可供政府决策参考。     

"地球表层"再讨论

对"地球表层概念"的界定与发展和基于新概念的地球表层系统(结构)等进行了综合讨论和阐述;定义了地球表层概念的内涵,提出:地球表层是指地表和近地表各圈层相互作用和渗透的地球部分,是地球上部多态(固、液、气、生物和有机态)物质相互渗透、交融并不断进行物能交换、转化和作用而结合形成的具有内部协同性和一定系统结构的有机整体,是地球生物的生存环境和地表生态系统发生、发展和演化的基础;进一步确立了地球表层的空间位置和范围(外延),即包括地球表面上下的岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈和物理(能量)场及其相关作用在内的地球空间,其下界是软流圈(以软流圈为过渡层),上界为大气圈最外层,至少应包括磁层在内;岩石圈以下的地幔和地核与大气圈以外的宇宙空间均为地球表层的环境.     

TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE YADKIN RIVER FLOW VERSUS SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION RELATIONSHIP1

ABSTRACT: Dynamic linear models (DLM) and seasonal trend decomposition (STL) using local regression, or LOESS, were used to analyze the 50‐year time series of suspended sediment concentrations for the Yadkin River, measured at the U.S. Geological Survey station at Yadkin College, North Carolina. A DLM with constant trend, seasonality, and a log₁₀ streamflow regressor provided the best model to predict monthly mean log₁₀ suspended sediment concentrations, based on the forecast log likelihood. Using DLM, there was evidence (odds approximately 69:1) that the log₁₀ streamflow versus log₁₀ suspended sediment concentration relationship has changed, with an approximate 20 percent increase in the log₁₀ streamflow coefficient over the period 1981 to 1996. However, sediment concentrations in the Yadkin River have decreased during the decade of the 1990s, which has been accompanied by a concomitant increase in streamflow variability. Although STL has been shown to be a versatile trend analysis technique, DLM is shown to be more suitable for discovery and inference of structural changes (trends) in the model coefficient describing the relationship between flow and sediment concentration.