污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视,在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用.但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用,在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制.本研究分析了一些强化技术(如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等)在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性.     

铝件表面处理废水治理所得化学污泥的再生利用研究

对混凝法处理铝件表面处理废水治理所得化学污泥再生利用进行了研究,得到了适宜的操作条件.结果表明,用浓硫酸溶解污泥的最佳用量为0.14～0.16 mL/g湿污泥,湿污泥的溶解率可达90%,铝的溶出率也可达95%以上.把污泥的溶解液作混凝剂回用于印染废水的混凝处理也取得了良好的效果,其COD去除率≥80%,脱色率≥90%.实现了资源的二次利用,改善了作业环境,获得了较好的经济效益和社会效益.     

高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化,使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务.本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻,考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响.试验表明,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻,叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95%以上,比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高.与普通气浮柱比较,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率,防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动,使气泡/藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境,避免了气泡/藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落,实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移.     

厌氧+跌水曝气+人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水

为研发适用于我国农村的分散式污水处理装置,采用厌氧+跌水曝气+人工湿地组合工艺对农村生活污水进行处理,考察组合工艺对COD、TN、TP、NH4+-N、SS 5个常规指标的去除效果及对各指标的沿程去除情况。结果表明,组合工艺对COD、TN、TP、NH4+-N和SS的平均去除率分别为74.5%、57.2%、59.5%、59.00%和91.6%。人工湿地对COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N的去除率最大,分别为31.0%、36.7%、43.9%和30.0%;而厌氧反应池对SS去除贡献率最大,为40.3%。该组合工艺处理农村生活污水具有良好的处理效果,且装置运行能耗低,利于推广应用。     

沙柳活性炭纤维的制备与表征

以（NH4）2HPO4活化沙柳纤维制备活性炭纤维,L16（45）正交实验优化制备工艺条件,重点研究了活化温度对活性炭纤维结构的影响。同时应用扫描电镜（SEM）对其表面形貌进行表征,通过N2吸附-脱附测定其孔结构。结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,活性炭得率逐渐减小,碘吸附值先增大后减小,在浸渍比2.5：1、预氧化温度200℃、预氧化时间90 min、活化温度为800℃、活化时间60 min的条件下,可以制备出比表面积为1 304 m2·g-1、总孔容为1.004 cm3·g-1、得率为31.6%、碘吸附值为1 321 mg·g-1的纤维状活性炭。     

比较两种表面活性剂淋洗去除土壤中的重金属

以停车场和湿地2种土壤为研究对象,分别使用表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和月桂基醚硫酸钠对土壤样品进行淋洗,考察2种表面活性剂对这2种土壤中重金属的去除能力差异及形态分布的影响,并分析淋洗后残留在土壤中表面活性剂的生物毒性。结果表明,2种表面活性剂均可在一定程度上去除2种土壤中的Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn。与湿地土壤相比,2种表面活性剂对停车场土壤中重金属的去除率均较高,且月桂基醚硫酸钠的去除能力优于鼠李糖脂。2种表面活性剂对可交换态重金属的去除效果最好,对残渣态重金属去除率较低。淋洗后2种土样中残留的鼠李糖脂及停车场土样中残留的月桂基醚硫酸钠的生物毒性低,湿地土壤中残留的月桂基醚硫酸钠具有一定生物毒性。     

TiO2、BiVO4、Cu2O光催化降解低浓度甲醛

比较研究了3种（TiO2,BiVO4,Cu2O）光催化剂对低浓度甲醛的降解过程,拟通过结构分析（晶粒尺寸、比表面积、禁带宽度）和实验评价其性能优劣,优选出光催化性能较好的材料。通过结构分析和降解甲醛实验发现,甲醛初始浓度较低时,BiVO4降解率优于其他,随甲醛浓度增加,催化剂降解率均呈上升趋势,TiO2-1（T-1）、TiO2-2（T-2）降解率增加显著。随环境湿度增大,降解率先上升后下降,BiVO4-1（B-1）、BiVO4-2（B-2）降解率下降的较为缓慢。同一物质当晶粒尺寸越小比表面积越大,其降解率越好。T-2比B-1有更好的稳定性。分析认为在较低甲醛浓度时,决定光催化降解率的主要因素是催化剂的表面反应速率。随着甲醛初始浓度的增加,吸附脱附成为主要限制步骤。随环境湿度增加,甲醛降解率先上升后下降,具有较小比表面积的BiVO4降解甲醛效率下降不显著。连续的工作产生甲醛分解副产物,不易堵塞具有大比表面积的T-2的活性位点,所以T-2有更好的稳定性。     

偏心双轴搅拌用于污泥搅拌混合的数值模拟

在大型污泥搅拌机中探索采用偏心双轴搅拌,使用Fluent软件对偏心双轴搅拌槽内污泥流体的流场变化进行数值模拟,并与中心双层搅拌进行比较,分析2种结构搅拌槽内宏观流场结构、速度分布及功耗特性,通过实验测量不同转速下偏心双轴的功耗,仿真计算结果和实验值吻合较好。结果表明：偏心双轴搅拌形成的流场结构打破了中心搅拌的流场对称性,有效的消除了隔离区。偏心双轴搅拌槽内流场各方向的速度分量均比中心双层搅拌有明显的提高,速度梯度较大,能够增大搅拌混合区,有利于污泥固液两相的混合。在N=5 r·s-1时偏心双轴搅拌的功耗约为中心双层搅拌的90.4%,具有明显的节能效果。     

Monoterpene emissions and carbonyl compound air concentrations during the blooming period of rape (Brassica napus)

An increasing percentage of agricultural land in Germany is used for oil seed plants. Hence, rape has become an important agricultural plant (in Saxony 1998: 12% of the farmland) in the recent years. During flowering of rape along with intensive radiation and high temperatures, a higher production and emission of biogenic VOC was observed. The emissions of terpenes were determined and more importantly, high concentrations of organic carbonyl compounds were observed during this field experiment. All measurements of interest have been carried out during two selected days with optimal weather conditions. It is found that the origin or the mechanism of formation of different group of compounds had strong influence on the day to day variation of their concentrations. The emission flux of terpenes from flowering rape plants was determined to be 16–32 μg h⁻¹ m⁻² (30–60 ng h⁻¹ per g dry plant––540–1080 ng h⁻¹ per plant), in total. Limonene, -thujene and sabinene were the most important compounds (about 60% of total terpenes). For limonene and sabinene reference emission rates (M_S) and temperature coefficients were determined: β_limonene=0.108 K⁻¹ and M_S=14.57 μg h⁻¹ m⁻²; β_sabinene=0.095 K⁻¹ and M_S=5.39 μg h⁻¹ m⁻².

The detected carbonyl compound concentrations were unexpectedly high (maximum formaldehyde concentration was 18.1 ppbv and 3.4 ppbv for butyraldehyde) for an open field. Possible reasons for these concentrations are the combination of primary emission from the plants induced by high temperature and high ozone stress, the secondary formation from biogenically and advected anthropogenically emitted VOC at high radiation intensities and furthered by the low wind speeds at this time.     

Surface Consolidation of Pentelic Marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials - The Acropolis case (6 pp)

Goal and Scope In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones.Methods The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of ‘Inversion of sulfation’, performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, ‘Reinforced Lime’, in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm2) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress.Results A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the ‘Inversion of gypsum ‘ and the ‘Reinforced Lime’ were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries.Recommendation and Outlook All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.